Measurement of labour input

Table 1 gives a summary of statistics on the employment of women and men not only in the public sector but also in all areas of national economy, trade, manufacturing and services.

During the last years, there has been an increase in female labor participation in the labor market is one of the main changes in this field in Brazil.

Services are lacking, particularly as far as sanitation and domestic water are concerned

Until 1992, paid domestic work was not legally regulated, a situation that changed only with the amendment to the Labour Code.

The number of women in the labour force had increased considerably even if their total numbers remained low.

The shift from waged labour to informal, unpaid family labour and self employment provides poor quality work and does not contribute to stabilization or expansion of employment.22

(i) Forced and bonded labour

The law on labour guarantees equal pay for equal work, i.e., for work of the same duration, intensity and difficulty.

The prohibition of work by pregnant women in tasks requiring considerable effort and constituting a danger to her health connected to the pregnancy (Federal Labour Act, Article 123, section V arts. 166 and 170).

The qualitative indices for the status of women on the labour market are now being enhanced somewhat.

The only exception is found in section II, concerning women and children working in agricultural and domestic jobs, which allows women, and minors between the ages of 12 and 14, to work in such jobs in accordance with the provisions of chapter II of the Labour Code (Working women and children) concerning working hours, wages, contracts and types of work.

The problem stems from how unemployment is measured The adult unemployment rate is calculated by dividing the number of unemployed individuals by all individuals in the labor force. So if the labor force comprises 200 workers, and 20 are unemployed, the unemployment rate is 10 .

Wages should be no lower than the minimum wage.

The Department of Supervision of Labor Laws in the Ministry of Industry, Trade and Labor

The training quality has improved remarkably, thus meeting the demands of the labor market.

The Gulf Cooperation Council countries will be able to absorb only limited numbers of surplus workers from labour exporting countries owing to current work nationalization policies.

Criminals were sent to labour reform institutions, where they worked under strict supervision and were remunerated for their efforts.

Labor Law

The workforce

This gives rise to substantial flows of agricultural labour from one state to another, and even to other countries.

Introducing a quality control in laboratories examining the working environment, and introducing a system of accreditation

250. Women s participation in the labour market was increasing dramatically and women were responsible for 40 per cent of new businesses.

Between 2000 and 2004, the government took several steps to increase the quantity and quality of the labour supply in Ontario.

Labour conditions

Handicrafts Wage earners Domestic

Working class.

The Labour Department of the Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare is implementing a programme for working women to ensure compliance with labour law provisions, focusing on the social aspect of the Labour Code, and is also taking the necessary measures to enforce the law and to avoid labour problems and disputes.

At present actions of tutela are the only means of measuring the effectiveness of the application of the international agreements and of the labour legislation.

Forced and bonded labour Rights of migrant workers, including domestic workers

I don't want to work.

Ministry of Labor and Employment (Ministério de Trabalho e Emprego)

Wage earners

V. FORCED LABOUR

(i) Re education through labour

The argument for such redundancy for fired workers was a fear that privatization would lead to a large reduction of the labour force.

The economic activity rates for females in rural areas are higher than in urban areas owing to the fact that women's employment is more concentrated in rural areas than in urban areas

Article 4 of the Law On Labour Protection establishes the general labour protection principles that the employer follows in undertaking labour protection measures.

Domestic work and secondary activities

Another convention which Panama has not ratified is the ILO Maternity Protection Convention (Revised), 1952 (No. 103), which applies to industrial firms and to non industrial and agricultural work, to women wage earners working at home and to women domestic employees.

127. Domestic service, despite its being a category that absorbs a large proportion of female labour, was not regulated under our labour laws, a situation which lent itself to all manner of arbitrary behaviour, labour abuses, and discrimination.

In 2003, the Israeli civil workforce totaled 1.4 million men and 1.2 million women.

More than one in ten respondents (12 ) said that household work should be distributed equally either based on time or the amount of work.

The increase in the number of students is, first, related to the dramatic changes in the labour market and it also reflects changes in the value system.

In fact, although the informal urban sector underwent a decline in 1992, it is currently taking in very large numbers of women workers.