So, I added these protocells together to the system, and protocell A and protocell B fused together to form a hybrid protocell AB.

So now that you're all experts on protocells, we're going to play a game with these protocells.

But if you saw this protocell, you would not confuse this with something that was actually alive.

We then take the cells, the vascular cells, blood vessel cells, we perfuse the vascular tree with the patient's own cells.

We're going to make two different kinds.

The second protocell has a different chemistry inside, and when activated, the protocells all come together and they fuse into one big one. Right?

So, 10 times more bacterial cells than human cells on a human being.

So we came up with this protocell model here that I'm showing.

The protocell moves. It encounters the food.

There's a protocell AB now in this system.

We then grow the cells outside the body, take the scaffold, coat the scaffold with the cells the patient's own cells, two different cell types.

Or we can use cells alone, either your very own cells or different stem cell populations.

This is how we can start to make a protocell.

And at that time, stem cell research had gained momentum, following the isolation of the world's first human embryonic stem cells in the 1990s.

For this fish, it's actually whole cells with nuclei and membranes.

In order to preserve the human species, it would be preferable surely to use gene therapy with caution, restricting it to somatic cells (body cells excluding germ cells), to the exclusion of germ cells (i.e. the cells used for sexual reproduction).

And I think they'll be a new era of your own stem cell banking to have in the freezer your own cardiac cells, myocytes and neural cells to use them in the future, should you need them.

This is a normal cell. This is a cancer cell.

So, Martin, he works with a system called the protocell.

So here we are. These are protocells, patterning their environment.

The observation that stem cells, as master cells, could give rise to a whole variety of different cell types heart cells, liver cells, pancreatic islet cells captured the attention of the media and the imagination of the public.

There's a class of cells, a fairly small cell, an inhibitory cell, that quiets its neighbors.

And the reason is that cancer, like every cell in the body, places little molecular bookmarks, little Post it notes, that remind the cell I'm cancer I should keep growing.

What I want to talk about today is this particular cell, or grouping of cells, that is in each and every one of us.

We're made of cells and stuff between cells.

Now, we actually play through many generations here, at the cellular scale.

The amazing thing about the cell is that it actually does maintain a fairly stable working relationship with other cells, but we don't know why.

In effect, the cancer cell was forgetting it was cancer and becoming a normal cell.

Fat derived stem cells are adult stem cells.

Cells?

So here's an image of red blood cells, and now we can actually map where the hemozoin and where the malaria parasites are inside those red blood cells.

And we just put these two together in the same system.

This is just a collection of pathways in the cell.

And out in the cytoplasmic soup we have special proteins that are required for cell division that float freely in this soup in three dimensions.

But adult stem cells are not embryonic stem cells.

These are support cells astrocytes glia.

Adult stem cells are throughout our body, including the blood forming stem cells in our bone marrow, which we've been using as a form of stem cell therapy for over 40 years.

Liver cells, nerve cells, pancreatic cells we still can't grow them even today.

My body's an accumulation of ideas too the idea of skin cells, the idea of brain cells, the idea of liver cells.

And the other part is on the inside where it sends signals into the cell.

A windpipe cell already knows it's a windpipe cell.

Here, we've got a protocell to extract carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere and turn it into carbonate.

These are very dirty little protocells, as a matter of fact.

The cells round up for division, but they're very static in that position.

They discovered that adult cells, taken from you and me, could be reprogrammed back into embryonic like cells, which they termed IPS cells, or induced pluripotent stem cells.