And that's why helium's called helium.

And unfortunately, the helium atoms in liquid helium are right on top of each other.

This is a high altitude helium balloon.

And now simple atoms appear of hydrogen and helium.

It's that shape because the helium has to expand.

The helium atoms had to be very far apart.

The first one was that when helium atoms touch each other, they repel.

We need helium, and the helium is what we really need to go deep.

Feynman decided, as a sort of amateur helium physicist, that he would try to figure it out.

After about a few minutes, there was hydrogen and helium in the universe. That's all.

The universe was about 75 percent hydrogen, 25 percent helium. It still is today.

For a moment they become helium 5, because they've got five particles inside them.

Helium 3 very rare on the surface of the Earth, very common in space.

And that's what we use to inject, as we start to do our deep dives.

Helium splits out, and a neutron comes out and lots of energy comes out.

In the 1950s, people were trying to figure out how superfluid helium worked.

It consisted of huge clouds of hydrogen and helium atoms, and they have no structure.

The only way it worked is when the helium atoms were very, very far apart.

In the middle of stars, you're joining hydrogen together to make helium and then helium together to make carbon, to make oxygen, all the things that you're made of are made in the middle of stars.

So, that's that process there. Deuterium and tritium goes together makes helium 5.

After about 400 million years, the first stars formed, and that hydrogen, that helium, then began to cook into the heavier elements.

The implication of that is that the wave function has to go to zero, it has to vanish when the helium atoms touch each other.

And the element helium was discovered just by staring at the light from the Sun because some of those black lines were found that corresponded to no known element.

I've always wondered whether the professionals, the real professional helium physicists, were just a little bit embarrassed by this.

So where you get slightly denser areas, gravity starts compacting clouds of hydrogen and helium atoms.

Now helium's a gas, there're a lot of reasons why helium's good, it's a tiny molecule, it's inert, it doesn't give you narcosis.

The thing was that that simple thing that he wrote down explained everything that was known at the time about liquid helium and then some.

Storage and supply facilities (for liquid hydrogen, liquid oxygen, helium and nitrogen) and facilities to supply water and electricity are designed for common use by the Complex and adjacent installations.

We, all of us, are what happens when a primordial mixture of hydrogen and helium evolves for so long that it begins to ask where it came from.

And you make if from lithium. That reaction at the bottom, that's lithium 6, plus a neutron, will give you more helium, plus tritium.

Now the one thing that I forgot to mention, is that to obviate the problem of the nitrogen narcosis all of those blue dots in our body you remove the nitrogen and you replace it with helium.

Now, the reason we were able to come up with this is two key ideas One is that this is similar to a cryogenic Dewar, something you'd keep liquid nitrogen or liquid helium in.

The discovery of helium in the constellation of Cetus, which is 13 billion light years away, gives scientists valuable information about conditions at the time of the universe apos s initial evolution.

Then in July 1994, an international team of astronomers using HST apos s Faint Object Camera confirmed that helium is widespread throughout the early universe, a key hypothesis of the Big Bang theory.

So, you start with the Big Bang and you get hydrogen, and then you get helium, and then you get more complicated stuff, and you get planets forming and life is a common, planetary based phenomenon, in my view.

Additionally, this finding lends further weight to the scientists apos conception of chemical evolution in the universe scientists believe that hydrogen and helium evolved within three minutes after the Big Bang, while heavier elements such as oxygen and carbon came later.

In the fission reactions that nuclear power generation relies on today, heavy elements such as uranium break into smaller ones, while in nuclear fusion small elements such as hydrogen stick together and form heavier elements (helium). Both fission and fusion produce a lot of energy.

Despite their great promise, however, superconductors have limits, the primary one being that most superconduct at very low temperatures indeed, near absolute zero ( 273 ºC). Such temperatures can be achieved only through liquid helium cooling.