He said, well, entropy increases because there are many, many more ways for the universe to be high entropy, rather than low entropy.

The reason why entropy increases is simply because there are many more ways to be high entropy than to be low entropy.

You've heard of entropy.

So it's not that entropy must always increase you can get fluctuations into lower entropy, more organized situations.

That's the region where entropy is low.

Boltzmann explained that if you start with low entropy, it's very natural for it to increase because there's more ways to be high entropy.

Here's a graph that plots the entropies of a whole bunch of sequences.

Such a random jumble of letters is said to have a very high entropy.

I mean, I'm not saying the law of entropy is wrong it's not.

And Boltzmann's contribution was that he helped us understand entropy.

What he didn't explain was why the entropy was ever low in the first place.

Yet friction produces heat and thus an increase in entropy which measures the amount of energy that cannot be used to perform work and it therefore distinguishes past from future. The increase in entropy the second law of thermodynamics is the only law of nature that makes this fundamental distinction.

So he says I'm not going to do the accent he says, For some reason, the universe, at one time, had a very low entropy for its energy content, and since then the entropy has increased.

An egg, an unbroken egg, is a low entropy configuration, and yet, when we open our refrigerator, we do not go, Hah, how surprising to find this low entropy configuration in our refrigerator.

If the universe is not a fluctuation, why did the early universe have a low entropy?

Entropy means that everything in the world, everything, is in a state of decline and decay, the arch.

It's a deep tendency toward order in nature that opposes what we've all been taught about entropy.

As you may know, the entire world operates on a universal law entropy, the second law of thermodynamics.

This kind of a sequence is said to have a very low entropy because there's no variation at all.

This says that entropy, which is a measure of the disorder of a system, will always increase.

A high entropy arrangement is one that there are many arrangements that look that way.

The fact that you are born, and then you live, and then you die, always in that order, that's because entropy is increasing.

The fact that the entropy of the universe was low was a reflection of the fact that the early universe was very, very smooth.

Language, on the other hand, has an intermediate level of entropy it's neither too rigid, nor is it too random.

And lastly, to the slightly obscure world of entropy the second law of thermodynamics.

You put energy into the right kind of system and out comes wasted heat, entropy and extropy, which is order.

A low entropy configuration is one in which there's only a few arrangements that look that way.

So, the lesson from physics is that entropy will always increase it's a fundamental law.

Boltzmann gave us a formula engraved on his tombstone now that really quantifies what entropy is.

This insight that entropy increases, by the way, is what's behind what we call the arrow of time, the difference between the past and the future.

Maybe there is something that naturally, through the growth of the laws of physics, gives rise to universe like ours in low entropy configurations.

In fact, this gut instinct is reflected in one of the most fundamental laws of physics, the second law of thermodynamics, or the law of entropy.

In every one of these books, every one of these sets of lectures, he emphasized this puzzle Why did the early universe have such a small entropy?

Every difference that there is between the past and the future is because entropy is increasing the fact that you can remember the past, but not the future.

But if you're Boltzmann, you know that if you wait long enough, the random fluctuations of those molecules will occasionally bring them into lower entropy configurations.

This is a crucially important insight because it helps us explain the second law of thermodynamics the law that says that entropy increases in the universe, or in some isolated bit of the universe.

So if you imagine a very, very big universe, an infinitely big universe, with randomly bumping into each other particles, there will occasionally be small fluctuations in the lower entropy states, and then they relax back.

Unlike the low entropy of the early universe, even though we don't know the answer for this, we at least have a good theory that can explain it, if that theory is right, and that's the theory of dark energy.

Feynman says, From the hypothesis that the world is a fluctuation, all the predictions are that if we look at a part of the world we've never seen before, we will find it mixed up, and not like the piece we've just looked at high entropy.

So, those energy, matter Einstein show were equivalent, and now new sciences of quantum computing show that entropy and information and matter and energy are all interrelated, so it's one long continuum.