And out in the cytoplasmic soup we have special proteins that are required for cell division that float freely in this soup in three dimensions.

Freitas has a design for a robotic white blood cell.

But see how much of the protein is still throughout the nucleus, even in the dividing cell.

Well basically that means that this protein is changing from the sensitive cell to the resistant cell.

These cancers include acute lymphoblastic leukaemia acute myelogenous leukaemia chronic lymphocytic leukaemia hairy cell leukaemia non Hodgkin's lymphoma Hodgkin's disease melodysplastic syndrome multiple myeloma retinoblastoma Ewing sarcoma Wilms tumour neuroblastoma sarcoma rhabdomyosarcoma testis tumour and lung cancer.

As cell division begins the nucleus disintegrates, the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell and those special proteins undergo a three dimensional sequence whereby they attach and they literally click into place end on end to form chains.

The guts of the mice were DNA sequenced and it was found six bacterial species present in the mice with the immune cells but absent from the mice without them.

This little guy is called the kinesin, and he pulls a sack that's full of brand new manufactured proteins to wherever it's needed in the cell whether it's to a membrane, whether it's to an organelle, whether it's to build something or repair something.

So, I added these protocells together to the system, and protocell A and protocell B fused together to form a hybrid protocell AB.

You can think of them as little proteins that are like solar cells.

Leukemia cells treated with this compound turn into normal white blood cells.

For this fish, it's actually whole cells with nuclei and membranes.

This is a normal cell. This is a cancer cell.

And the bacterium needs tryptophan one of the building blocks of proteins to trigger the cells' appearance.

Each cell in the body contains DNA, which is responsible for producing the proteins that are necessary for a cell s functioning. Though all cells in the body have the same DNA, only a subset of the genes encoded by the DNA is expressed in each cell type, thus accounting for the difference between, say, a skin cell, a liver cell, and a brain cell.

The observation that stem cells, as master cells, could give rise to a whole variety of different cell types heart cells, liver cells, pancreatic islet cells captured the attention of the media and the imagination of the public.

We then take the cells, the vascular cells, blood vessel cells, we perfuse the vascular tree with the patient's own cells.

There's a class of cells, a fairly small cell, an inhibitory cell, that quiets its neighbors.

We're made of cells and stuff between cells.

In effect, the cancer cell was forgetting it was cancer and becoming a normal cell.

Fat derived stem cells are adult stem cells.

Cells?

Another example is the creation of hybridomas, hybrid cells created in the laboratory by fusing normal white blood cells that produce antibodies with a cancer cell. Researchers wanted to combine the cancer cells rapid growth and the normal cells ability to dictate the production of a single specific monoclonal antibody.

But adult stem cells are not embryonic stem cells.

These are support cells astrocytes glia.

We then grow the cells outside the body, take the scaffold, coat the scaffold with the cells the patient's own cells, two different cell types.

I mean, on the slide, you can see that on our sensitive side, these cells that are responding to the drug, when we start blocking the protein, the number of dying cells those colored dots they're going down.

Or we can use cells alone, either your very own cells or different stem cell populations.

Liver cells, nerve cells, pancreatic cells we still can't grow them even today.

My body's an accumulation of ideas too the idea of skin cells, the idea of brain cells, the idea of liver cells.

And the other part is on the inside where it sends signals into the cell.

A windpipe cell already knows it's a windpipe cell.

They discovered that adult cells, taken from you and me, could be reprogrammed back into embryonic like cells, which they termed IPS cells, or induced pluripotent stem cells.

In order to preserve the human species, it would be preferable surely to use gene therapy with caution, restricting it to somatic cells (body cells excluding germ cells), to the exclusion of germ cells (i.e. the cells used for sexual reproduction).

We thought that maybe nitric oxide affected cell death, and how cells survive, and their resistance to other things.

In experiments it was found a kind of tolerance promoting immune cell appears in mice that carry a specific bacterium in their guts.

The immune cells developed into the tolerance promoting cells.

So you may not only have car cells, you may have Aston Martin cells.

And place cells also get this kind of path integration input from a kind of cell called a grid cell.

And each of these proteins acts just like that solar cell that I told you about.

So, 10 times more bacterial cells than human cells on a human being.

And what MyoD essentially does is, it causes cells to differentiate into muscle cells. So this compound, MyoD, has been tested on a lot of different cell types and been shown to actually convert this variety of cell types into skeletal muscle cells.

But she also found osteocytes, which are the cells that laid down the bones.

So I've studied a lot about stem cells embryonic stem cells are particularly powerful.

And in our lab, we are focused on taking fat and reprogramming mounds of fat into fountains of youthful cells cells that we may use to then form other, more specialized, cells, which one day may be used as cell transplants.