And these cells can either be identical, or they can be distinct from each other through asymmetric cell division.

The body cells have built themselves up into the same form.

The second protocell has a different chemistry inside, and when activated, the protocells all come together and they fuse into one big one. Right?

These are support cells astrocytes glia.

So, I added these protocells together to the system, and protocell A and protocell B fused together to form a hybrid protocell AB.

You might think of this as kind of like a primitive cell. It is a simple chemical model of a living cell, and if you consider for example a cell in your body may have on the order of millions of different types of molecules that need to come together, play together in a complex network to produce something that we call alive.

This is a stem cell that we've developed here in Oxford, from an embryonic stem cell.

Bacterial spores are thought now by scientists to exist as individual cells that are alive, but in suspended animation for as long as 250 million years.

Nature's main process of creation, morphogenesis, is the splitting of one cell into two cells.

And they will either enter into this so called cellular suicide, programmed cell death, or they will form unhealthy daughter cells and enter into apoptosis once they have divided.

And we prefer cells that will not reject and will not form tumors.

And throughout the books this is the first page on Furby I have kind of the art and science.

These membranes are also quite similar, morphologically and functionally, to the membranes in your body, and we can use these, as they say, to form the body of our protocell.

All of life is controlled by networks from the intracellular through the multicellular through the ecosystem level.

As cell division begins the nucleus disintegrates, the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell and those special proteins undergo a three dimensional sequence whereby they attach and they literally click into place end on end to form chains.

Synthetic biologists are manipulating it.

It's bringing the cells into the body. It's allowing the cells to regenerate new tissue, and once the tissue is regenerated the scaffold goes away.

For this fish, it's actually whole cells with nuclei and membranes.

This is a normal cell. This is a cancer cell.

The observation that stem cells, as master cells, could give rise to a whole variety of different cell types heart cells, liver cells, pancreatic islet cells captured the attention of the media and the imagination of the public.

We then take the cells, the vascular cells, blood vessel cells, we perfuse the vascular tree with the patient's own cells.

There's a class of cells, a fairly small cell, an inhibitory cell, that quiets its neighbors.

Each cell in the body contains DNA, which is responsible for producing the proteins that are necessary for a cell s functioning. Though all cells in the body have the same DNA, only a subset of the genes encoded by the DNA is expressed in each cell type, thus accounting for the difference between, say, a skin cell, a liver cell, and a brain cell.

Maintain the existing activities in cell biology

We're made of cells and stuff between cells.

And the bacterium needs tryptophan one of the building blocks of proteins to trigger the cells' appearance.

In effect, the cancer cell was forgetting it was cancer and becoming a normal cell.

This is the way a living cell looks down a light microscope.

Fat derived stem cells are adult stem cells.

They found these red circular looking objects, and they looked, for all the world, like red blood cells.

Cells?

They were, at that stage, much smaller and had an elongated shape that allowed them to slip between other cells. It came as a great surprise when we discovered that the cells giving birth to the new neurons were a type called radial glia, which were thought not to occur in adulthood and were not known to give birth to neurons.

And in the measure that we learn how chickens grow wings, and what the program is for those cells to differentiate, one of the things we're going to be able to do is to stop undifferentiated cells, which you know as cancer, and one of the things we're going to learn how to do is how to reprogram cells like stem cells in such a way that they express bone, stomach, skin, pancreas.

And if you record from several grid cells shown here in different colors each one has a grid like firing pattern across the environment, and each cell's grid like firing pattern is shifted slightly relative to the other cells.

And out in the cytoplasmic soup we have special proteins that are required for cell division that float freely in this soup in three dimensions.

But adult stem cells are not embryonic stem cells.

We then grow the cells outside the body, take the scaffold, coat the scaffold with the cells the patient's own cells, two different cell types.

And think about some of the things that we're learning about cellular mechanics.

And one of the lessons we've been learning is that the physiology of cells that we've been studying for many years in quiescent flies is not the same as the physiology of those cells when the flies actually engage in active behaviors like flying and walking and so forth.

Or we can use cells alone, either your very own cells or different stem cell populations.

Liver cells, nerve cells, pancreatic cells we still can't grow them even today.

My body's an accumulation of ideas too the idea of skin cells, the idea of brain cells, the idea of liver cells.

And the other part is on the inside where it sends signals into the cell.

A windpipe cell already knows it's a windpipe cell.

Whereas a skin cell or a liver cell, for instance, can reproduce only more skin or liver, stem cells, which are the most robust at the beginning of human development, are master cells. As a fertilized egg turns into an embryo, and then a fetus, those initial stem cells somehow show their daughter cells how to become skin, liver, eye, or bone.