Was there indirect discrimination?

Discrimination may be direct or indirect.

This report evaluates states from the perspective of implementing advancing policies or worsening its position.

50. The bill prohibits both direct and indirect discrimination.

DPP determined that Ms. Petersen's earlier sentence of 20 November 2001 (20 day fines of DKr 300 for violating section 266 (b) (1)) would not have been much more severe if the current complaint had been included in that case, thus justifying the DPP's decision under section 89 of the Criminal Code not to proceed.

With regard to discrimination, she wondered whether the Constitution's clause prohibiting discrimination based on sex was too narrow as it was not in line with the definition of discrimination contained in article 1 of the Convention and should refer to both direct and indirect discrimination.

In the present case, the Commissioner and the Prosecutor received a detailed written report enclosing a number of annexes from DRC illustrating the case sufficiently to conclude, without initiating any investigation, whether it could reasonably be presumed that a criminal offence subject to public prosecution had been committed.

Direct and indirect discrimination based on gender is also prohibited by the Employment Contracts Act.

The public waters are at the State's possession as far as private persons do not own them.

The definition of indirect discrimination based on sex also covers those activities which might appear neutral, but are discriminatory by nature.

The Government also reported that the Labour Act prohibits direct or indirect discrimination against job seekers and that, when an employee complains of discrimination, the burden of proof of non discrimination rests with the employer.

Discrimination against women is defined through the requirement of equal treatment, according to which equal treatment of men and women means that there is no direct or indirect discrimination.

The person who believes that he or she has been discriminated against must first submit facts, on the basis of which it can be presumed that direct or indirect discrimination based on sex has occurred.

Ms. Šimonović recalled the State party's obligation under article 7 of the Convention to eliminate discrimination, whether direct or indirect, against women in political life.

319. The Committee expresses concern as to whether the definition contained in Act No. 26772, which establishes what is meant by discrimination, is consistent with article 1 of the Convention relating to direct and indirect discrimination.

Direct and indirect discrimination should be covered, as should cases where HIV AIDS is only one of several reasons for a discriminatory act, and prohibiting HIV AIDS vilification should also be considered

Although the Constitution contained a definition of discrimination, it was unclear whether that definition included indirect discrimination clarification would be welcome.

As a general provision, the Gender Equality Act provides that direct and indirect discrimination based on sex is prohibited in all areas of social life. Specifically, discrimination in professional life is prohibited (see also Article 11).

In Estonian legislation, provisions concerning the special protection of women in connection with pregnancy and childbirth are not considered as direct or indirect discrimination based on sex.

While this is clearly not discrimination directed against women, it does discriminate against them indirectly since most such minors live with the mother.

The Committee encourages the State party to incorporate fully the definition of discrimination, encompassing both direct and indirect discrimination, in line with article 1 of the Convention, in its Constitution or other appropriate national legislation.

The apparent difference could well be a sign of indirect discrimination in terms of the Convention and the rulings of the European Court of Justice.

The Committee urges the State party to recognize and analyse the persistence of indirect and hidden discrimination as an obstacle to the implementation of the Convention, including measures to identify where it occurs, raise awareness and be proactive in its elimination.

The participation rates for women in political life were so low that there clearly seemed to be at least indirect discrimination against women.

113. The Committee recommends that the Government take advantage of existing bodies of knowledge relating to indirect and structural patterns of discrimination.

She enquired whether the Government intended to incorporate a comprehensive definition of discrimination, both direct and indirect, into national legislation and whether complaints relating to violations of the Convention could be brought before the Constitutional Court.

The report, moreover, seemed to be based on too narrow an interpretation of discrimination, even though indirect forms of discrimination, such as equal access for women to credit, remained pervasive.

On 25 January 2002, the Odense District Court convicted Ms. Andersen of offences against section 266 (b) of the Criminal Code for the publication of the press releases.

Indigenous women experience gender based discrimination with respect to a number of human rights, directly or indirectly affecting their ability to enjoy the right to adequate housing.

The fourth area is time.

This suggests that the Government lacked understanding of indirect and structural discrimination and its impact on women..

This suggests that the Government lacked understanding of indirect and structural discrimination and its impact on women.

Even if a religious group cannot be classified in that way, the Act arguably covers discrimination on the basis of religion in certain circumstances as indirect race discrimination.

Policies and programmes related to housing generally discriminate against indigenous peoples directly or have discriminatory effects.

Lastly, she enquired whether the Turkish Constitution or any other national law contained a definition of discrimination against women that was in line with the definition set forth in article 1 of the Convention and which encompassed direct and indirect discrimination in all fields.

3. Indigenous individuals have the right not to be subjected to any discriminatory conditions of labour and, inter alia, employment or salary.

The Government was also asked to clarify whether the relevant national legislation is intended to cover both direct and indirect discrimination as required by the Convention.

The society has an access to information on the feminist movement and activities of women's organisations, movements, activities of political parties and associations, which are related to the change of stereotypes.

59. During the election campaign there was a pattern of discrimination against ethnic Vietnamese.

This approach exists alongside the legal concept of sex discrimination, which refers directly to a difference in treatment on the basis of biological sex.

Directive 2002 73 EC amending Council Directive 76 207 EEC and which contains a new definition of indirect discrimination, harassment as a form of discrimination (Articles 4 and 5) Council Directive 97 80 EC on the burden of proof in cases of discrimination based on sex (Article 6).

232. The Committee considers that previous ideological positions, including the former insistence on formal or de jure equality, now tends to impede a proper understanding of the complex issue of discrimination, such as structural and indirect discrimination, which further compounds the situation of the de facto inequality of women.

That perception reflects a misunderstanding of such critical concepts as gender roles, indirect discrimination and de facto inequality.

Discrimination on the ground of age and sexual orientation

5. Urges States to devote particular attention to all practices motivated by religion or belief that lead, directly or indirectly, to violations of the human rights of women and to discrimination against women