In 2002, for example, China's retail market was worth 4,000 billion, larger than all non Japan Asian countries combined, and represented 5 per cent of worldwide retail sales.

In 2004, the retail market in Viet Nam was worth about 20 billion.

Wholesale prices followed trends similar to those of retail prices.

Growing use by retailers of own brands and discount retailing have also been driving prices down significantly.

Retail sales in the Russian Federation totalled 194.6 billion in 2004, with the distribution sector's contribution to GDP amounting to 22 per cent.

Distribution services in Colombia contribute 4.5 per cent of GDP, of which retailing accounts for 1.5 per cent.

In Europe, for example, on line retailing accounts for 2 per cent of total grocery sales, but it is growing by 50 per cent annually.

Total assets sold Inventory value

The guidance price of RMB1,499 was RMB200 higher than the previous retail price of RMB1,299.

Foreign sales represent a significant share in total sales of the main European retailers.

This was evidence of resale price maintenance, which affects intrabrand competition and limits the right of the retailer to apply his own sale prices.

Cocaine seizures and retail prices in Europe, 1983 1994

4. Heroin seizures and retail prices in Europe, 1983 1994 6

9. Cocaine seizures and retail prices in Europe, 1983 1994 9

However, with a growth rate significantly higher than for total retail trade, the share of e commerce in total retail trade is also growing.

Total retail sales are approaching the 2.0 billion level, having reached 1.8 billion in 1996.

They operate at the margin between ex factory and wholesale and retail prices.

Figure 4. Heroin seizures and retail prices in Europe, 1983 1994

The European average real retail price of cocaine in 1994 was about 45 per cent of the 1983 price.

In the case of Colombia, for example in 1995 small retail establishments accounted for approximately 47 per cent of total retail sales, down from more than 75 per cent in 1985.

A review of the retail sector in the last 20 years has revealed that the rise of e commerce was similar to the emergence of discount retailers many years ago both were focused on price and convenience.

Consumer demand has been the main factor responsible for lower prices in retailing.

Large retailers may also engage in selling below cost and predatory pricing whereby prices are cut aggressively to force competitors to sell at a loss.

Due to the recent restructuring of retail activities, supermarkets saw their share rise from 20 per cent of total national food retailing in 1990 to 50 60 per cent of total turnover in 2002.

So we've started roundtables where we bring together the entire value chain, from producers all the way to the retailers and brands.

Online sales are less common in retail trade (B2C) or in services' industries, with sales accounting for only 1.7 and 1 per cent of total sales, respectively.

Perhaps most important, current retail petrol prices are readily visible.

Retailers could exercise their power in setting prices at the local level.

Retail and wholesale prices of cocaine, in contrast, declined fairly steadily in a similar manner to those of heroin, as shown in figure 9.

Total inventory value of losses

The retail sector includes two main types of retailers store and non store retailers.

Producers are also engaging in direct sales to consumers through on line retailing, bypassing retailers.

Studies have shown a strong impact of large retailers in terms of appropriating value, especially at the expense of small agricultural producers.

Freight charges (15 per cent of total value)

(Percentage of total inventory value)

Despite a broadband penetration rate of only 30 , e tail commanded 5 6 of total retail sales in China in 2012, on par with the US. And the sector is already profitable Chinese e tailers are logging margins of 8 10 of earnings before interest, taxes, and amortization, which is slightly larger than the average margin for physical retailers.

Retailers operating internationally can also resort to so called transfer pricing.

However, the retail price (price to the consumer) at stage (d) of the same 25 kilogram bag is 15 to 20.

The contribution of distribution services (comprising wholesale, retail, hotels and restaurants) to GDP ranged from 12 to 16 per cent over the period 1995 2004.

Retail trade 353

Retail sellers of petrol in four Brazilian cities were prosecuted for price fixing agreements.

As shown in annex III, such equipment sold had an inventory value of 791,400 and a sales value of 632,900, respectively.

The top 100 retailers (see table 3) account for 25 per cent of worldwide retailing sales.

Now just hang on to me tonight... and you'll have a great time, and at retail prices.

Retail fuel dealers