This is the 1913 Trio performing one of my pieces at the Milwaukee Art Museum.

This is the 1913 Trio performing one of my pieces at the Milwaukee Art Museum.

Earth Summit 5 cashing in on environmental concerns , press release issued in English in June 1913 SD

And it actually helps a lot more if you look in a very old dictionary, in this case the 1913 dictionary.

The preparatory conference had reactivated recommendations made by 17 States at a diplomatic conference, held in 1913, that had called for establishment of an international commission for the conservation of nature.

In that case, the Court upheld a 1991 law providing for the appointment of Muslim religious leaders (muftis), even though it contradicted a provision of the 1913 Treaty of Athens providing that muftis be elected.

Editorial comment, Effects of War Upon Treaties and International Conventions. A Project Adopted by the Institute of International Law at its Session in Christiania, in August, 1912, 7 American Journal of International Law 149 (1913).

By 1913, these 10 countries, plus the United States, controlled vast global empires 58 percent of the world's territory, about the same percentage of its population, and a really huge, nearly three quarters share of global economic output.

When the US Federal Reserve was created in 1913, its most important function was to serve as a lender of last resort to troubled banks, providing emergency liquidity via the discount facility. The current crisis suggests that this is no longer enough.

LONDON The European Monetary Union, as many of its critics maintain, looks a lot like the pre 1913 gold standard, which imposed fixed exchange rates on extremely diverse economies. But is that resemblance as bad as it sounds, or as the euro s critics insist?

The resulting flood of liquidity caused a global boom that benefited economies from Elizabethan England to Mughal India. And 1870 1913, another period of rapid growth and globalization, was not characterized by balance it was funded by the United Kingdom, acting as the world s bank.

The hope was that, like the pre 1913 era of British overseas investment, which financed a huge amount of industrialization in the resource rich, temperate periphery of the world economy, net capital outflows from the industrial core would finance much late twentieth and twenty first century industrialization.

For example, the ability of a Muslim religious authority to appoint a guardian under the terms of article 11 of the Greco Turkish Peace Treaty of 14 November 1913 (G. De Martens, NR, 3rd ed. vol. VIII, p. 93 et seq.) was unaffected by the outbreak of war in 1914.

This does not mean that either fiscal policy or monetary policy has graduated to the status of a science like chemistry, underpinned by natural laws that generate precisely foreseeable outcomes. But surely we have learned since 1913 that fiscal expansion is appropriate under some conditions, even if it is inappropriate under others.

This regional structure is the result of legislative compromise in 1913, when the Fed was created, and again in the mid 1930s, when its governance was last overhauled. Whereas members of the Fed s Washington based Board of Governors are nominated by the US president, subject to Senate confirmation, the presidents of the regional Federal Reserve banks are appointed by local boards.

Here, the right, represented by the Republican Party, has long been suspicious of the Fed, reflecting its opposition to a powerful federal government, as well as nostalgia for the days of the gold standard (particularly the version that operated before the Fed was created in 1913). The Fed as it currently operates is being protected by the left (the Democratic Party).

In 1913, we had this ugly battle over the Federal Reserve, when it was created, with vicious, angry arguments over how it would be constituted, and a general agreement that the way it was constituted was the worst possible compromise, a compromise guaranteed to destroy this valuable thing, this dollar, but then everyone agreeing, okay, so long as we're on the gold standard, it should be okay.

Moreover, as in Europe today, when Alexander Hamilton proposed a central banking system, the Bank of the United States, alongside consolidation of states Revolutionary War debt into federal debt, the implementation of his sensible plan was imperfect. In the American case, the principles of federal finance were not worked out until the Civil War, and the Federal Reserve System was established even later, coming only in 1913.