Truman Proclamation of 28 September 1945

with a saddler named Richard Truman.

President Truman spoke of the noble purposes of the United Nations.

Within a short time, the principle contained in the Truman Proclamation became widely accepted.

Truman biographer David McCullough warns that about 50 years must pass before historians can really appraise a presidency. But one decade after Truman left office, the Marshall Plan and the NATO alliance were already seen as solid accomplishments.

Reference was made to the Truman Proclamation in one case considered by the Court, the North Sea Continental Shelf case.

I really believe that old Truman line, that if you give the American people the facts, they'll do the right thing.

In its judgment in the North Sea Continental Shelf cases, the International Court of Justice also refers to the Truman Proclamation

When the Charter of the United Nations was adopted in San Francisco, President Harry Truman of the United States said to the assembled delegates,

Moreover, much depends on external conditions. Woodrow Wilson, Franklin Roosevelt, and Harry Truman developed transformational objectives only in response to external events after they entered office.

Such a review may appropriately start with the instrument, generally known as the Truman Proclamation', issued by the Government of the United States on 28 September 1945.

Ninth, we will examine the declaration of 28 September 1945 made by the President of the United States, Harry S. Truman, issued as a Presidential Proclamation and addressed to the international community.

A declaration may consist of a single act, as in the case of the Ihlen Declaration, the note from Colombia, the Egyptian declaration, the Truman Proclamation and the protest notes from the Russian Federation.

Finally, in May 1949, President Truman had indicated to the Department of the Interior that the inhabitants of all the Pacific territories should be accorded civil government and a full measure of civil rights.

As the Court has recalled in the first part of its Judgment, it was the Truman Proclamation of 28 September 1945 which was at the origin of the theory, whose special features reflect that origin .

The Truman Proclamation was expanded upon in an executive order from the President, issued the same day, which places the natural resources of the adjacent continental shelf under the jurisdiction and control of the United States.

It was reported that the first to try this new approach was the Harry Truman aircraft carrier battle group, and its early deployment included the working visits to ports and the patrols in areas, where it usually only passed.

The workshop was organized in collaboration with the Peace and Development Research Institute of Gothenburg University, Sweden, the Harry S. Truman Research Institute for the Advancement of Peace, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and DATA Studies and Consultation, Bethlehem.

Like most products of international negotiations, the agreement is not perfect but it does move the ball forward. (For the technical details, I recommend a recent paper by Edwin M. Truman, my colleague at the Peterson Institute for International Economics.)

Bush has said that history will redeem him, and compares himself to President Harry S. Truman, who left office with low poll ratings because of the Korean War, yet is well regarded today. Will history really be so kind to Bush?

In any case, one would not expect prize committees or historians to judge leaders solely by quantitative criteria. Few Americans thought Harry Truman had been a good president immediately after he left office, but now he is rated very high.

The acts considered were addressed to other States however, in the case of the Nuclear Tests case, negative security guarantees, the Truman Proclamation and the waiver of claims to the West Bank territories, such acts were addressed to the international community.

In fact, some experts, such as the economist Edwin Truman, have proposed establishing an institutionalized global swap arrangement as a more effective and robust crisis prevention mechanism an idea that G 20 countries should consider. But creating such a system would take time.

Franklin Roosevelt and Truman made crucial contributions. But, in judging leaders, we need to pay attention to acts of both omission and commission, to what happened and to what was avoided, to the dogs that barked and to those that did not.

The Truman Proclamation and the statements made by the French authorities concerning the suspension of nuclear tests might be viewed as unilateral stricto sensu since they have been considered to produce legal effects without the need for a reaction from the addressee(s).

Will war in Africa be the defining moment of Hollande s presidency? Will he be remembered as the French Harry Truman a discreet, uncharismatic man who, when faced with urgent and dramatic circumstances, ended up doing the right things for lack of a better alternative?

The aim of the United States in issuing the Truman Proclamation was to establish its jurisdiction and control over the adjacent seabed of the continental shelf, and to establish that the sharing of the seabed with neighbouring States would be determined by mutual agreement in accordance with equitable principles .

What was remarkable about this framework was that its principal author, the major superpower of the day, accepted its authority. As US President Harry Truman memorably put it, We all have to recognize no matter how great our strength that we must deny ourselves the license to do always as we please.

In 2001, George W. Bush started his first term with little interest in foreign policy, but adopted transformational objectives after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. Like Woodrow Wilson, Franklin Roosevelt, and Harry Truman before him, Bush turned to the rhetoric of democracy to rally his followers in a time of crisis.

In his book Why Wages Don t Fall During a Recession, Truman Bewley of Yale University reported on an extensive set of interviews with business managers involved with wage setting and layoffs. He found that they believed that a serious morale problem would result from reducing everyone s hours and pay during a recession.

Harry Truman and Dwight Eisenhower no intellectual giants, to be sure showed excellent judgment as they established the post war international order that has supported peace in much of the world for decades. Others, including Ronald Reagan and Bill Clinton, have had great gifts say, the ability to inspire or a talent for persuasion.

American presidents since Harry Truman, the first world leader to recognize Israel in 1948 (against the advice of then Secretary of State General George C. Marshall), have embodied in varying degrees either the emotional or the realpolitik aspect some represented both of the relationship. The suspicion today is that Barack Obama is committed to neither.

With regard to the delimitation of lateral boundaries between the continental shelves of adjacent States, a matter which had given rise to some consideration on the technical, but very little on the juristic level, the Truman Proclamation stated that such boundaries shall be determined by the United States and the State concerned in accordance with equitable principles'.

Not long after the destruction of Hiroshima, President Harry S. Truman, together with the Canadian and UK prime ministers, proposed the first non proliferation plan all nuclear weapons would be eliminated, and nuclear technology for peaceful purposes would be shared and overseen by a United Nations agency. Truman s initiative subsequently went further, covering most of the non proliferation issues that we still discuss today.

The Truman Proclamation, however, soon came to be regarded as the starting point of the positive law on the subject, and the chief doctrine it enunciated, namely that of the coastal State as having an original, natural, and exclusive (in short a vested) right to the continental shelf off its shores, came to prevail over all others, being now reflected in Article 2 of the 1958 Geneva Convention on the Continental Shelf.

In every case with the exception of the Truman Proclamation, which is not part of specific negotiations we are dealing with declarations linked in some way to negotiations on a specific issue, such as the declarations made by France, the nuclear Powers and the King of Jordan the Colombian note of 1952 the protest notes by the Russian Federation and the acts of Swiss officials in connection with the granting of most favoured nation status.