Asymmetric

The EU budget should facilitate such transfers in the eurozone, using structural funds. Tax transfers should also act as an automatic stabilizer in the case of asymmetric shocks.

But this overlooked a crucial feature of monetary unions free capital mobility and elimination of currency risk indispensable attributes of a currency area could be (and were) the source of asymmetric shocks. Currency unions, in other words, must worry about endogenous as much as exogenous shocks.

Most notably, eurozone countries have faced powerful asymmetric shocks, to which their lack of independent monetary policy instruments made it virtually impossible to respond. As a result, they have struggled with recurring economic crisis.

They are facing the argument that the United States monetary union works much better because there is a large federal budget to smooth the impact of asymmetric shocks that is, shocks to individual states. The eurozone, it is claimed, should have its own budget to provide similarly automatic insurance to its members.

If economic structures were dissimilar, then the second criterion became critical Were arrangements in place to adjust to asymmetric shocks? The two key arrangements that most economists emphasized were fiscal transfers, which could cushion shocks in badly affected regions, and labor mobility, which would allow workers from such regions to move to less affected ones.

Because the euro zone is not an optimal currency area, it needs tools to deal with so called asymmetric shocks shocks that affect some members more than others. But it lacks those tools, especially a Treasury with powers to tax and borrow, and a central bank that can act as lender of last resort to its member banks.

Simulation of a force free rotating asymmetric body

Germany s Five Shocks

(b) Electric shocks

Regression equation of income shocks

That is a chiral center, or chiral carbon, or chiral atom, or asymmetric carbon.

It is an asymmetric struggle, and the way to wage it is, therefore, different.

Discrimination and asymmetric possession of WMDs will not ensure non proliferation or regional or global stability.

The torture included beatings and electric shocks.

Strong financial market supervision will also be needed to contain risks stemming from credit booms, asset bubbles, and financial market volatility. On the structural front, measures to enhance wage and price flexibility would improve resiliency to asymmetric shocks and would help the new countries' cyclical fluctuations become more attuned to the rest of the EU.

These capital flows created a boom and a loss of long term competitiveness in some regions, which was followed by an all too predictable bust. To the extent that monetary and fiscal arrangements fail to reduce or eliminate moral hazard, the risk that capital flows create these endogenous asymmetric shocks will remain commensurately high.

Adjustment, support to trade and trade related shocks

The revamped growth compact would more effectively allocate European resources and increase the flexibility of permanent transfers from rich to poor countries provided that the money is used for productive investment. Van Rompuy s budget would also help to stabilize the eurozone in the event that asymmetric shocks require temporary transfers from unaffected to crisis stricken countries.

So it was a series of five painful shocks.

He was allegedly subjected to torture, including electric shocks.

A single drop was enough! Wounds, shocks, corns, gall,

And these cells can either be identical, or they can be distinct from each other through asymmetric cell division.

These shocks were naturally beyond the ECB s control. The policy response, however, required preventing these shocks from becoming entrenched in medium to long term inflation expectations.

In fact, America s experience in the 1960s should have warned the eurozone s creators that tying national monetary authorities hands might not be such a good idea. That would not be the case if the eurozone operated according to Robert Mundell s vision of an optimal currency area, with labor and capital adjustments replacing exchange rate adjustment, and shocks being homogeneous (rather than asymmetric).

And they gave them a series of painful electric shocks.

Debt sustainability is also affected by vulnerability to external shocks.

Sound national policies are also essential for cushioning external shocks.

All four were allegedly tortured by means of electric shocks.

You know, that's the kind of observation that shocks people.

The Internet is ideally suited to Al Qaida's asymmetric approach, allowing a small number of individuals to reach a global audience.

Means of recovery from natural environmental disasters and external economic shocks

(a) Physical or mental injury, including pain, suffering and emotional shocks

Give me a hand to lower this lifeboat. Clear the shocks.

Their eyes have three lenses, three pupils. Strong light shocks them.

Half of them are told that they're being given the shocks by somebody in another room, but the person in the other room doesn't know they're giving them shocks.

Instead of offering concessions, which could create long term instability in the eurozone, Europe s leaders must remain committed to creating strong incentives for all member states to maintain prudent fiscal policies capable of reducing public debt ratios and restoring fiscal buffers against asymmetric shocks to the currency union. Only then will the eurozone have a chance of upholding the Lisbon Treaty s no bailout clause.

However, in the case of Kashmir, the asymmetric conflict currently fought by proxies and terrorist groups might not degenerate into all out war precisely because India and Pakistan have mutual nuclear deterrence.Indeed, such asymmetric conflicts through proxies have become the new conventional way that states avoid the price of a general war.

This external dependence increases their vulnerability to external economic threats and shocks.

Guillermo Romero Cierto was allegedly also beaten and subjected to electric shocks.

He was also allegedly subjected to electric shocks, including to the mouth.

He was also allegedly hung from the ceiling and given electric shocks.

Special and differential treatment was key to avoiding possible negative shocks, they added.

Ashot Avetsian was allegedly beaten with metal rods and subjected to electric shocks.

28. Vulnerability to external shocks and remoteness from the rest of the world.