And the algae give the corals sugar, and the corals give the algae nutrients and protection.

Here's how we sample the corals.

Pearls and corals come from both.

Pearls and corals come from both.

As though they were rubies and corals.

As though they were rubies and corals.

Then you go to Palmyra Atoll that has more biomass of herbivores, and the dead corals are clean, and the corals are coming back.

In Fanning Island, the corals are not recovered.

Pearls and corals come forth from both of them.

Pearls and corals come forth from both of them.

These are crinoids, sponges, black corals. There're some more fishes.

The corals are doing better here. Lots of small fish.

The corals say, You cheated. You didn't pay your rent.

There's this beautiful bay, lots of soft corals and stomatopods.

There will be maidens as fair as corals and rubies.

There will be maidens as fair as corals and rubies.

So what is this hyperbolic geometry that corals and sea slugs embody?

Either case, it's bad news for the corals of the Galapagos Islands.

Here we have the extreme with dead corals, microbial soup and jellyfish.

But the water gets warmer for too long and the corals die.

We know these corals grow about a centimeter and a half a year.

And where the diver is, this is probably where most of the reefs of the world are now, with very few corals, algae overgrowing the corals, lots of bacteria, and where the large animals are gone.

Now the reason we know it's 1584 is that these corals have growth bands.

Corals are very delicate organisms, and they are devastated by any rise in sea temperatures.

It causes these vast bleaching events that are the first signs of corals of being sick.

You can go then and study corals and figure out how often do you see this.

In this case, at these islands, you know, corals are instrumental quality recorders of change in the water.

These corals can be quite kind of mean, you see, and I have surfing scars to prove that.

And just so you know, 1982 '83, that El Nino killed 95 percent of all the corals here in Galapagos.

What happens is that the corals are a symbiosis, and they have these little algal cells that live inside them.

In Christmas, where the food web is really trimmed down, where the large animals are gone, the corals have not recovered.

And it's destroying that precious benthic community on the bottom, things like sponges and corals, that critical habitat for other animals.

The frilly crenulated forms that you see in corals, and kelps, and sponges and nudibranchs, is a form of geometry known as hyperbolic geometry.

And there's five or six different compilations there, But each one of those compilations reflects input from hundreds of these kinds of records from corals.

They clean the reef everything that grows enough to be seen, they eat, and they keep the reef clean and allow the corals to replenish.

A trigger and the system tips over, loses its resilience, soft corals take over, and we get undesired systems that cannot support economic and social development.

Now, when you think of a coral reef, this is what most people think of all these big, hard, elaborate corals and lots of bright, colorful fishes and things.

If we go back to a place like Palmyra Atoll, where I was with Jeremy Jackson a few years ago, the corals are doing better and there are sharks.

Most of the reefs are dead, most of the corals are dead overgrown by algae and most of the fish are smaller than the pencils we use to count them.

Well, what we have seen is that in this particular area during El Nino, year '97, '98, the water was too warm for too long, and many corals bleached and many died.

We are now in the process of closing five areas, covering a total of 80 square kilometres, to fishing with gear which adversely affects the seabed, with the aim of protecting vulnerable cold water corals.

70. Calls upon States and international organizations to urgently take action to address, in accordance with international law, destructive practices that have adverse impacts on marine biodiversity and ecosystems, including seamounts, hydrothermal vents and cold water corals

77. Calls upon States and international organizations to urgently take action to address, in accordance with international law, destructive practices that have adverse impacts on marine biodiversity and ecosystems, including seamounts, hydrothermal vents and cold water corals

101. Calls upon States and international organizations to urgently take action to address, in accordance with international law, destructive practices that have adverse impacts on marine biodiversity and ecosystems, including seamounts, hydrothermal vents and cold water corals

110. Calls upon States and international organizations to urgently take further action to address, in accordance with international law, destructive practices that have adverse impacts on marine biodiversity and ecosystems, including seamounts, hydrothermal vents and cold water corals