Anthrax becomes part of the social lexicon.

And they didn't die because they didn't have anthrax anymore.

The production of anthrax at Al Hakam started later, in 1990.

Research included laboratory scale experiments related to the drying of anthrax.

Two agents, botulinum toxin and anthrax, were selected as candidate biological warfare agents.

Secondly, our public health system, as we saw with anthrax, is a real disaster.

We've all learned what the kind of panic that can occur when an old disease rears its head, like anthrax.

Most of the spending in the Bush administration has actually been more related to the anthrax results and bio terrorism threat.

That's a bunch of mice that had been poisoned by our scientist friends down in Texas, at Brooks Air Base, with anthrax.

And they had also been treated with a drug that we made that would attack anthrax in particular, and direct your immune system to it.

Early in 1989, the production of botulinum toxin was started at Al Hakam, while pilot scale production of anthrax and aflatoxin began at Salman Pak.

And once you've folded it into a paper airplane, I want you to take some anthrax and I want you to put that in the paper airplane.

Production of botulinum toxin and anthrax began with the use of bench top fermenters, and experimentation commenced using a range of animals to study inhalation and other exposure routes and effects.

If we recall what happened in the autumn of 2001, after the reprehensible attacks on the towers in New York, the suspicious dissemination of anthrax reflected know how and mechanisms to spread it and cause harm.

The objective of the anthrax attacks in the United States in October 2001 was also not to cause mass destruction but to mount a series of symbolic attacks against individuals representing the media and centres of power.

The United States led Iraq Survey Group searching for Iraqi weapons of mass destruction made similar findings, with the addition of statements on the destruction of anthrax near a presidential palace at Radwaniyah in Baghdad, in 1991.

If anthrax spore were preserved and stored in optimal conditions, it could have been viable for many years, leaving the possibility that, with improvements in Iraq's spray drying capabilities after 1992, the bulk agent could have been dried.

Drug resistant bacteria kills, even in top hospitals. But now tough infections like staph and anthrax may be in for a surprise. Nobel winning chemist Kary Mullis, who watched a friend die when powerful antibiotics failed, unveils a radical new cure that shows extraordinary promise.

The method of attack (enclosing a virulent strain of the bacterium in letters mailed through the federal postal service) was highly effective in terms of publicity, but a major attack designed to cause a far greater number of casualties (for example by dispersing anthrax via an aerosol) would require a much higher degree of technology.

When some of the Bush administration s more reasonable members are asked today how they could have taken the positions they did in 2002, they cite the anthrax attacks that followed 9 11, the intelligence reports of an impending attack with nuclear materials, and the widespread fear of a second attack against the American people. In such circumstances, liberal democracy and security are in tension.

Society has always recognized that other values may trump intellectual property. The need to prevent excessive monopoly power has led anti trust authorities to require compulsory licensing (as the US government did with the telephone company AT T). When America faced an anthrax threat in the wake of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, officials issued a compulsory license for Cipro, the best known antidote.