Unable to agree on coordinated reflationary action, governments opted to move unilaterally. One after another, they abandoned the gold standard, depreciating their currencies.

One after another, they abandoned the gold standard, depreciating their currencies. By loosening credit in this way, they recovered, one after another, from the Great Depression.

Russia is probably in recession, owing largely to Western sanctions imposed in response to its intervention in Ukraine. India has been suffering from a depreciating currency and soaring public debts.

15. The national currency has stabilized, depreciating by 1.5 per cent against the United States dollar in 1997, which resulted in a real appreciation of 3 per cent. Credit growth has been strong.

And yet negative bonds yields are also occurring in countries and regions where the currency is depreciating and likely to depreciate further, including Germany, other parts of the eurozone core, and Japan. So, why are investors holding such assets?

India has suffered, like most developing countries, from declining foreign investment, poor export performance, and a depreciating currency. But even pessimistic estimates project 5 growth in the coming fiscal year, and a good monsoon should ensure a bumper harvest.

Expenditure had gone up mainly because of salary increases authorized by the General Assembly after the budget for 2004 2005 had been established and also because of the adverse cost impact of the United States dollar depreciating vis à vis the euro.

There is a great deal of volatility in foreign exchange markets across the globe, mainly owing to the weakening of the dollar. As such, China and other countries are holding a depreciating asset that should be managed to serve domestic interests rather than those of the US.

One of the policy externalities of QE the Fed s purchase of long term financial assets was a depreciating dollar. Fearing domestic asset price bubbles and upward pressure on their currencies from an inward rush of capital, many emerging economy leaders complained loudly about what Brazilian Finance Minister Guido Mantega called an international currency war.