And indeed, you do see it in the human entorhinal cortex, which is the same part of the brain that you see grid cells in rats.

Prefrontal cortex is an interesting brain area.

And you do that by measuring the relative activation of the left prefrontal cortex in the fMRI, versus the right prefrontal cortex.

So we've got motor cortex activation up there.

On the side here, this is temporal cortex.

It goes to the nucleus accumbens, all the way up to the prefrontal cortex, orbital frontal cortex, where decisions are made, high level.

There is about 20 regions of the brain that have been modeled, simulated and tested the auditory cortex, regions of the visual cortex cerebellum, where we do our skill formation slices of the cerebral cortex, where we do our rational thinking.

You don't form images with your primary visual cortex.

You're flying through the cortex of my colleague's brain.

So from the retina you go onto visual cortex.

This big cortex, or whatever, we're pretty proud of ourselves.

Each individual's cortex is folded differently, very much like a fingerprint.

So you have the prefrontal cortex here, lighting up in red.

When people have these simple geometrical hallucinations, the primary visual cortex is activated.

And primary visual cortex sees just simple geometry, just the simplest of shapes.

There is the brain stem in between the cerebral cortex and the spinal cord.

One of the brain regions that changes most dramatically during adolescence is called prefrontal cortex.

I've gone and had an fMRI myself, to see how my visual cortex is taking over.

Again, I'm putting your anterior cingulate cortex to the test here, causing you conflicting pattern detections.

It's been shown to promote pre frontal cortex development where a lot of cognition is happening.

It's been shown to promote pre frontal cortex development where a lot of cognition is happening.

When images are formed, a higher part of the visual cortex is involved in the temporal lobe.

And you see that in humans, because of the development of the pre frontal cortex, it's called.

Why care if it is the brain stem or the cerebral cortex and how this is made?

like Huntington's or Parkinson's or Alzheimer's disease where you have a bombed out part of your cortex.

And then, as you grow up, the cortex develops, and inhibits these latent sexual urges towards your mother.

So this is a model of the human brain, and this is prefrontal cortex, right at the front.

You cannot have a conscious mind if you don't have the interaction between cerebral cortex and brain stem.

Except that they're not as rich as ours, because they don't have a cerebral cortex like we do.

And so we had this focal area called the medial prefrontal cortex that went way up in activity.

Now, at this level, in what's called the inferotemporal cortex, there are only visual images, or figments or fragments.

By definition, two people picked at random can't have correlations in the distribution of gray matter in the cortex.

And you can see huge areas of cortex where there are massive correlations in the distribution of gray matter.

It takes a central cortex, if you like, to be able to orchestrate all those elements at the same time.

And I strongly disagree with the idea that consciousness should be considered as the great product of the cerebral cortex.

And some of the research now is showing is that people on the spectrum actually think with primary visual cortex.

An FM device in the cortex of the brain, the motor cortex, will send signals in real time to the motor points in the relevant muscles so that the person will be able to move their arm, let's say, in real time, if they've lost control of their arm.

But that is not enough, because compassion, which activates the motor cortex, means that we aspire, we actually aspire to transform suffering.

In other words, if somebody touches me, my hand, neuron in the somatosensory cortex in the sensory region of the brain fires.

This is an area in the prefrontal cortex, a region where we can use cognition to try to overcome aversive emotional states.

The wiring from your sensory apparatus to those bits is shorter than the bits that have to pass through the thinky bit, the cortex.

And instead of getting normal perception, you're getting an anarchic, convulsive stimulation, or release, of all of these visual cells in the inferotemporal cortex.

The arrows indicate peak gray matter volume in prefrontal cortex. You can see that that peak happens a couple of years later in boys relative to girls, and that's probably because boys go through puberty a couple of years later than girls on average, and then during adolescence, there's a significant decline in gray matter volume in prefrontal cortex.

So in my lab, we bring adolescents and adults into the lab to have a brain scan, we give them some kind of task that involves thinking about other people, their minds, their mental states, their emotions, and one of the findings that we've found several times now, as have other labs around the world, is part of the prefrontal cortex called medial prefrontal cortex, which is shown in blue on the slide, and it's right in the middle of prefrontal cortex in the midline of your head.

This was a woman who didn't have trouble with her eyes, but the visual parts of her brain, a little tumor in the occipital cortex.