The process also produced a radioactive by product, thorium hydroxide.

(b) cobalt crusts means hydroxide oxide deposits of cobalt rich iron manganese (ferromanganese) crust formed from direct precipitation of minerals from seawater onto hard substrates containing minor but significant concentrations of cobalt, titanium, nickel, platinum, molybdenum, tellurium, cerium, other metallic and rare earth elements

Outside of red blood cells, good ferrous iron the only oxygen carrying form is oxidized uncontrollably to form the bad ferric and ugly ferryl forms of hemoglobin. When released into a person s circulatory system, hemoglobin in these higher oxidation states eventually self destructs, damaging molecules in surrounding tissue.