So the gains from trade are only going to grow.

From the standpoint of comparative advantage, gains from trade arise from imports exports are what a country has to give up in order to afford them. These gains accrue to all countries, as long as trade expands in a balanced fashion.

An open MTS was not sufficient to assure gains from trade to developing countries and address the issue of marginalization of many countries from international trade.

International trade and trade negotiations geared towards assuring development gains can contribute to the Millennium Development Goals.

Trade liberalization must be fostered to maximize development gains for developing countries.

It is important to ensure that all measures are put in place to maximize positive gains from trade liberalization and thereby to achieve efficiency gains in the economy at large and enhanced consumer welfare.

The distribution of gains from increases in both trade and foreign direct investment remains very skewed, with a few getting the most.

Development gains from trade liberalization in both goods and services would depend on effective access of developing countries to established global distribution networks.

The current round of GSTP negotiations should deliver substantial trade liberalization gains by 2006.

Free trade in textiles could generate income gains in developing countries of 24 billion a year, export revenue gains of 40 billion and 27 million jobs.

The representative of the private sector emphasized the importance of dismantling barriers to South South trade, from which developing countries can make even greater gains.

Benefits were translated as gains from cost reductions.

The potential medium term revenue gains from trade and transport facilitation are estimated to be 2 to 3 per cent of the total value of traded goods.

Gains could be larger than the total gains expected from all the other negotiating items in current WTO negotiations.

At the close of its eleventh session, held in São Paulo in June 2004, UNCTAD had outlined a series of policies and actions designed to maximize development gains from international trade, the trading system and trade negotiations.

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As for trade, the EU believes that, through the Doha round, the international community must deliver real gains.

UNCTAD estimates indicate that possible welfare gains for developing countries from the liberalization of trade in non agricultural products would be as high as 20 billion to 60 billion annually and that export revenue gains could increase by 50 billion, even in modest scenarios.

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(ii) Amount of efficiency gains resulting from business process improvements .

Gains for developing countries hinged as much on their own liberalization as on the market opening made by trade partners.

The gains to be had from open trade and the free flow of public goods are offset, however, by the globalization of threats to the survival, dignity and livelihood of individuals.

The representative of Japan acknowledged the problem of preference erosion as one of the greatest concerns of some LDCs, although he did not think that the losses resulting from preference erosion exceeded the gains from trade liberalization.

The failure to achieve multilateral trade liberalization by concluding the Doha Round means that the world lost the gains from trade that a successful treaty would have brought. But that is hardly the end of the matter the failure of Doha will virtually halt multilateral trade liberalization for years to come.

It is estimated that the contribution to global welfare gains from completely removing trade barriers in agriculture would amount to 165 billion annually, of which developing countries would receive about one quarter.

Buoyant external demand, higher commodity prices and improved terms of trade (an increase of 7.4 percentage points from 1994 to 1996) were the immediate and main factors responsible for these export gains.

No profit to him from all his wealth, and all his gains!

No profit to him from all his wealth, and all his gains!

Kaplinsky R (2000). Spreading the Gains from Globalisation What Can Be Learned from Value Chain Analysis?

Evidence shows that even in Asia and the Pacific, trade liberalization has not brought the expected large gains for the SME sector.

Several speakers also noted the role of trade in services and its potential for welfare gains, in both developed and developing countries.

Historically, trade systems have ranged from rather open to severely restricted by rules, tariffs, or non tariff barriers, driven by shifts in the relative strength of liberalizing or protectionist economic and political forces. But even in closed systems, however severe the penalties they impose on trade, black markets usually develop, owing to the gains from trade generated by natural economic forces.

Adoption of the Euro should foster even greater trade integration by eliminating exchange rate risk, lowering transaction costs, and promoting greater price transparency and competition. The experience of current euro area members thus far suggests trade gains of roughly 10 just from the single currency.

The project aims at assisting developing countries to review their policies toward FDI and trade in services and assess the gains that they may derive from opening their service markets to foreign service providers.

The need for a fair international environment that maximizes development gains of developing countries in the context of trade liberalization cannot be overemphasized.

Efficiency gains

Efficiency gains

13. Efficiency measures and productivity gains generally result from improved working methods which lead to reduced resources, including human resources in areas where such gains are achieved.

The assessment of gains from the round, market access, adjustment, SDT, preference erosion, rules of origin, aid for trade, NTBs, and coherence between the MTS and RTAs were identified as possible areas of further work.

A recent study by OECD of the welfare effects of services trade liberalization in a range of countries and regions at different levels of development indicated that, with a single exception, the projected gains to countries and regions from unilateral service trade reform far exceeded those from unilateral reform in agriculture or manufacturing.46

Various studies leading to the Uruguay Round showed that developing countries would realize substantial income gains from trade liberalization. One of those studies, done by the World Bank, estimated such gains at 171 billion, with approximately one third of this accruing to developing countries. General Assembly 6th plenary meeting Fifty third session 18 September 1998

Income earned from these gains could be reinvested in local development with appropriate policies.

Gains will also accrue from the automation of inter office and inter agency transactions.

These activities are in particular those that are capable of withstanding competitive pressures for efficiency gains and surviving the new industrial and trade realities.

The economic arguments for the gains from trade of course go back to David Ricardo s classic theory of comparative advantage. Countries benefit most from producing and exporting what they are relatively best at producing and exporting, and from importing what other countries are relatively better at producing.