Now, here with 256 electrodes.

First of all, these electrodes are noninvasive.

But look at all the electrodes around it.

We copy this in the lab by outfitting cell culture systems with electrodes.

In the 1950s, Olds and Milner put electrodes into the brain of a rat.

These electrodes act like mini pacemakers to get the cells to contract in the lab.

And we can use electrodes or antennae to pick that up and tell the arm to move.

OK, now, these are my sprinting legs, made of carbon graphite, like I said, and I've got to make sure I've got the right socket.

This electrode here, called the gate, controls the flow of current from the source to the drain these two electrodes.

You can see the movements on his chest, and those little hash marks are where we put our antennae, or electrodes.

And that's fortunate, because we can put two electrodes on your palm and measure the change in skin resistance produced by sweating.

Galvani's approach of probing the nervous system with electrodes has remained state of the art until today, despite a number of drawbacks.

Again, it's got technology it's got electrodes going into its left and right hemispheres it's got a camera on top of its head.

Now you've seen before that with electrodes you can control robotic arms, that brain imaging and scanners can show you the insides of brains.

You're supposed to put a bunch of these things on there, but our little motor's making all kinds of noise right next to my electrodes.

They're both made of carbon, and yet one of them has carbon atoms in it that are arranged in one particular way on the left and you get graphite, which is soft and dark.

Every time you contract a muscle, it emits a little electricity that you can record with antennae or electrodes and use that to operate the motorized prosthesis.

A technician will put the electrodes onto the scalp using a conductive gel or paste and usually after a procedure of preparing the scalp by light abrasion.

Basically what we can do, is just cut a graphite mold, put it in an oven, heat it to 1,000 degrees, gently inflate titanium that's soft, and then explode it at the last minute into this form.

And what they've done here is they've put electrodes in its ganglia and its brain and then a transmitter on top, and it's on a big computer tracking ball.

Today I'll talk about a different approach, which is to put electrodes in different parts of the brain, and actually record the activity of individual nerve cells in the brain.

And what we tried with the pig was external electrodes on the skin, like you see in an emergency room, and I'm going to show you why they don't work very well.

The complainant told his mother that a special electric device with electrodes was connected to his body, and that that he received electric shocks if he did not respond properly to orders.

And I'm up there in Boston against people wearing legs made of all things carbon graphite and, you know, shock absorbers in them and all sorts of things and they're all looking at me like, OK, we know who's not going to win this race.

One of the materials that can do this is a remarkable material, carbon, that has changed its form in this incredibly beautiful reaction where graphite is blasted by a vapor, and when the vaporized carbon condenses, it condenses back into a different form chickenwire rolled up.

So if we could figure out what cells they are, we could maybe find new targets for which drugs could be designed or screened against, or maybe places where electrodes could be put in for people who have very severe disability.

Other project activities that could qualify include CO2 recycling, carbon electrodes, adipic acid production and the use of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) making reference to the emission reductions generated by such projects expressed in CO2 equivalent.

So we did some experiments where we saturated our poor patients with zillions of electrodes and then had them try to do two dozen different tasks from wiggling a finger to moving a whole arm to reaching for something and recorded this data.

The coal comes from Colombia, and costs 300 per ton if Antillana had been able to negotiate with United States manufacturer UCAR, from which it would be able to get the world's best carbide graphite electrode, that raw material would be obtained free, because of the contract undertakings UCAR has with its purchasers.

The nonsexual torture that was committed ranged from beatings and suffocation, electrodes attached to genitals, and forced sleep deprivation, to prisoners being hung by the wrists from the ceiling and placed in solitary confinement until psychosis was induced. These abuses violate both US and international law.

I am of course quoting from a famous essay by Leonard Read, the economist in the 1950s, called I, Pencil in which he wrote about how a pencil came to be made, and how nobody knows even how to make a pencil, because the people who assemble it don't know how to mine graphite, and they don't know how to fell trees and that kind of thing.

Non invasive brain machine interfaces based on electroencephalogram recordings have restored the communication skills of paralyzed patients. Animal research and some human studies suggest that full control of artificial limbs in real time could further offer the paralyzed an opportunity to grasp or even to stand and walk on brain controlled, artificial legs, albeit likely through invasive means, with electrodes implanted directly in the brain.

2.7 The complainant alleges that she was arrested by the Spanish Civil Guard at her home in Hernani, Gipúzcoa, on 30 March 2001 and that on the following day, while being held in custody, she was urgently transferred to the San Carlos hospital in Madrid, where she remained until 7 p.m., because of torture inflicted on her beatings, la bolsa, touching and attachment of electrodes to her body.

And then with four screws, we put in a frame, then we snap in the device and we run with wires the one shown in green will go to the surface of the brain with electrodes, to the epileptic focus, the origin of the epilepsy, where we can sense the electrical signal and have computer analysis that tells us when to hit it with some electrical current to prevent the clinical manifestation of the seizure.

It is living fully intact brain in a nutrient medium with these electrodes going off to the sides, attached photosensitive sensors to the brain, put it into a cart here's the cart, the brain is sitting there in the middle and using this brain as the sole processor for this cart, when you turn on a light and shine it at the cart, the cart moves toward the light when you turn it off, it moves away.