Intravenous drug users

(a) The abuse of drugs, particularly intravenous abuse, within prisons.

Injecting drug use practice is not limited to intravenous injecting, but also include intramuscular or subcutaneous injecting.

Objective to undertake preventive education directed at youth and high risk groups, including intravenous drug users and street children.

Those plans placed emphasis on drug abuse prevention among street children, intravenous drug users and women in urban slums.

Intravenous use increased the risk of the spread of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B and C and other blood borne infections.

The spread of HIV AIDS through intravenous drug use is acknowledged as a major health problem in Brazil, and is probably underreported in others.

The project targets groups at risk of becoming infected, through intravenous drug abuse, with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and developing acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).

(e) UNDCP is considering developing a project in India on the establishment of network and training programmes for non governmental organizations and institutions working with intravenous drug users.

38. Governments should include appropriate information in school curricula and non formal training programmes on the effects of high risk behaviour, including intravenous drug use, on the transmission of HIV infection.

Furthermore, programmes in Bahamas, Brazil, Colombia and Trinidad and Tobago incorporate preventive education and treatment and rehabilitation services, specifically for women, the family and risk groups such as intravenous drug abusers.

Among the conditions for such applicability would be a well developed and comprehensive treatment system in which alternatives to intravenous opioids were available, for example oral methadone and similar long acting opioids.

According to the Ministry of Health, 72.5 per cent of cases are recorded as being sexually transmitted, 1.1 per cent perinatally and 0.9 per cent via blood (including transfusions and intravenous injection of drugs).

Intravenous drug users constitute a group at high risk and their presence in a correctional setting requires close monitoring of their health and the health of other inmates who live in contact with them.

For example, a campaign that either explicitly or implicitly groups cannabis smoking with intravenous heroin injection loses the credibility of the message since it is widely known that the two entail different potential morbidity and mortality risks.

(a) Brazilian project (Drug abuse prevention with special emphasis on prevention of HIV infection among intravenous drug users (BRA 851) government execution total budget 10,020,300 initial estimates for the biennium 1996 1997 9,107,900 revised estimates for the biennium 1996 1997 5,801,500).

People admitted must have a relatively long history of dependency (at least four years of intravenous abuse of opiates for admission to methadone treatment in Sweden two years of dependency for admission to heroin maintenance in Switzerland) and injecting drug use

In the Tour de France, cyclists can even use overnight intravenous nutrition and hydration to restore their bodies. Training at high altitude is permitted, though it gives those athletes who can do it an edge over competitors who must train at sea level.

The Government of Brazil runs one of the most successful HIV AIDS programmes in the world, including free STD and HIV testing, free male and female condom distribution, as well as preventive services for women in the sex industry and intravenous drug users.

(i) The public health risk that they carry (not only because of their addictive potential, but also because of the implications of the intravenous route of application) is frequently under estimated in the public perception, as well as in the judicial and enforcement areas

Outreach and community work is also used to make contact with users and is sometimes combined with tertiary prevention activities. There is evidence that outreach work based on tertiary prevention may reach more marginalized segments of the population, with a higher prevalence of intravenous use.

18. Injecting drug users (IDUs) are the second largest group at risk for HIV infection in the Americas and Europe.A. R. Moss and others, quot HIV seroconversion in intravenous drug users in San Francisco, 1985 1990 quot , AIDS 1994, vol. 8, pp. 223 231.

In Bahamas, Barbados, Bolivia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago and Venezuela, UNDCP prioritized demand reduction programmes aimed at high risk groups, particularly children in especially difficult circumstances, street children, women in urban slums and intravenous drug abusers in major cities. E. Drug control master plans

Intravenous drug use is spreading HIV AIDS in Iran, Central Asia, and the former Soviet Union. In traditional Western European markets, health officials should brace for a rise in the number of deaths from drug overdoses, as this year s bumper opium crop will lead to higher purity doses of heroin.

Work with national health authorities and street educators to develop replicable models addressing the special needs of high risk groups such as intravenous drug users (to control HIV AIDS), street children and sex workers will continue in the Caribbean, Brazil and Ecuador, and will be initiated in Venezuela and Central America.

In the first controlled study, researchers reported a 50 decline in symptoms of depression within two hours of a ketamine infusion, and one third of patients were virtually symptom free within a day. Moreover, patients reported diminished thoughts of suicide a mere 40 minutes after receiving an intravenous infusion of the drug.

In addition to pursuing current activities of the Committee, UNODC is working closely with partners such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization in addressing the key issues related to the transmission of HIV AIDS among intravenous drug users, among persons in prison or prison like settings and among the victims of trafficking in persons.

It is achieved through a wide variety of measures such as the control of the illicit supply strengthening the individual apos s self esteem and resistance to peer pressure providing alternatives to illicit drug abuse and educating potential illicit drug abusers about the risks and likely problems associated with these activities, in particular the potential health risks deriving from intravenous drug use.