For most of that time of life on Earth, living organisms have been relatively simple single cells.

The IML 2 studies of radiation biology showed damage to living cells as an effect of the natural space environment.

And just as the Tasmanian devil cancer is contagious through the spread of living cancer cells, so is this dog cancer.

When the devil bites another devil, it actually physically implants living cancer cells into the next devil, so the tumor continues to grow.

So something I think is very fascinating is what if you could give life to non living structures, like batteries and like solar cells?

Liver cells, nerve cells, pancreatic cells we still can't grow them even today.

We then take the cells, the vascular cells, blood vessel cells, we perfuse the vascular tree with the patient's own cells.

Fat derived stem cells are adult stem cells.

We're made of cells and stuff between cells.

The immune cells developed into the tolerance promoting cells.

But adult stem cells are not embryonic stem cells.

They discovered that adult cells, taken from you and me, could be reprogrammed back into embryonic like cells, which they termed IPS cells, or induced pluripotent stem cells.

The observation that stem cells, as master cells, could give rise to a whole variety of different cell types heart cells, liver cells, pancreatic islet cells captured the attention of the media and the imagination of the public.

But they physically run in opposite directions, which creates a number of complications for your living cells, as you're about to see, most particularly when DNA is being copied.

Memory B cells turn into plasma cells, which produce wave after wave of the specific antibodies that latch onto HIV to prevent it from infecting cells, while squadrons of killer T cells seek out and destroy cells that are already HIV infected.

My body's an accumulation of ideas too the idea of skin cells, the idea of brain cells, the idea of liver cells.

Leukemia cells treated with this compound turn into normal white blood cells.

Merging Cells

In his lab, Martin Hanczyc makes protocells, experimental blobs of chemicals that behave like living cells. His work demonstrates how life might have first occurred on Earth ... and perhaps elsewhere too.

We then tease the cells apart, we grow the cells outside the body.

So, 10 times more bacterial cells than human cells on a human being.

Now both of these kinds of cells can make the place cells fire.

We then grow the cells outside the body, take the scaffold, coat the scaffold with the cells the patient's own cells, two different cell types.

We found activity in some cells called the A10 cells, cells that actually make dopamine, a natural stimulant, and spray it to many brain regions.

So you may not only have car cells, you may have Aston Martin cells.

So I've studied a lot about stem cells embryonic stem cells are particularly powerful.

Brave New Cells?

And this is exactly how one cancer cell becomes two cancer cells, two cancer cells become four cancer cells, and we have ultimately uncontrolled tumor growth.

And in fact, it might be changing the cells themselves to make the cells resistant.

I can't be just a bunch of cells. Well, you know, people used to believe there was a life force to be living, and we now know that's really not true at all.

And so guess what, scientists around the world and in the labs are racing to convert aging adult cells aging adult cells from you and me they are racing to reprogram these cells back into more useful IPS cells.

Or we can use cells alone, either your very own cells or different stem cell populations.

That's all stem cells.

The cells looked better.

These are normal cells.

There go the cells.

If we cannot use stem cells from your body then we'd like to use donor stem cells.

But the moral controversy surrounding embryonic stem cells the fact that these cells are derived from five day old human embryos has encouraged research into other types of stem cells.

Stem cells provide hope for new beginnings small, incremental steps, cells rather than organs, repair rather than replacement.

I believe matter begets life life becomes single cells single cells become strings strings become chains chains network.

These glial cells become activated.

So, cells have this cycle.

The second challenge was cells.

Plus we have stem cells.

These glial cells become activated.