Hi. I'm here to talk about congestion, namely road congestion.

In London, the day they turned the congestion pricing on, there was a 25 percent decrease in congestion overnight, and that's persisted for the four years in which they've been doing congestion pricing.

Road congestion is a pervasive phenomenon.

You really reduce congestion quite substantially.

The first day with the congestion charges looked like this.

This shows public support for congestion pricing of Stockholm, and you see that when congestion pricing were introduced in the beginning of Spring 2006, people were fiercely against it.

They're actually confident that they have liked congestion pricing all along.

They're relieving congestion, and they're frankly starting to save some fuel.

The demand for parking, of course, is down, congestion and the CO2 emissions.

So, the last example of this is congestion pricing, very famously done in London.

Whatever happens with congestion pricing and those technologies will be happening with road pricing.

And let's now look at how we can use this insight to combat road congestion.

So with cities, you also have congestion and pollution and disease and all these negative things.

Congestion pricing is being discussed in every major city around the world and is, again, wirelessly enabled.

If you can reduce traffic even somewhat, then congestion will go down much faster than you might think.

This is the last day with the congestion charges, July 31, and you see the same street but now it's summer, and summer in Stockholm is a very nice and light time of the year, and the first day without the congestion charges looked like this.

Traffic congestion caused by tourism can have a serious impact on local quality of life, requiring effective management solutions.

And what congestion pricing is is that it's a technology trial and a psychological trial for something called road pricing.

But what happened when the congestion charges were there is not what you would expect, that people hated it more and more.

Now, congestion charges were introduced in Stockholm on January 3, 2006, and the first picture here is a picture of Stockholm, one of the typical streets, January 2.

Wrong again. It's now six and a half years ago since the congestion charges were introduced in Stockholm, and we basically have the same low traffic levels still.

So, I want to move now to the second part of my story, which is when are we going to start doing this congestion pricing? Road pricing is coming.

And why is this going to happen? Because we're going to do congestion pricing, we are going to do road tolls, gas taxes are going to become road pricing.

Now, that's also wrong, because traffic happens to be a nonlinear phenomenon, meaning that once you reach above a certain capacity threshold then congestion starts to increase really, really rapidly.

Now, Stockholm is a medium sized city, roughly two million people, but Stockholm also has lots of water and lots of water means lots of bridges narrow bridges, old bridges which means lots of road congestion.

But, as has been demonstrated in areas like air pollution, traffic congestion, spectrum allocation, and tobacco consumption, market mechanisms are often the best way for governments to address such failures. So why are such mechanisms now in retreat?

The Eastern Gateway is part of our substantial investment in Anaheim, which will provide additional guest parking and help to alleviate congestion in the resort district as we continue to expand the Disneyland Resort, Disney spokeswoman Suzi Brown said.

Parties' attention to this subsector follows from the fact that transport is often one of the fastest growing sources of GHGs, especially in large urban areas where it is affecting urban air quality and creating noise and congestion problems.

Government policies could then focus on training protected areas managers in such areas a how to develop tourism facilities that marry quality and environmental considerations, interpretation programmes, congestion management strategies and tools, setting up effective entrance fee systems etc.

It s an unfortunate reality in nearly every major city road congestion, especially during rush hours. Jonas Eliasson reveals how subtly nudging just a small percentage of drivers to stay off major roads can make traffic jams a thing of the past.

Even with the aggressive implementation of cleaner vehicle technologies, there remains a strong motivation to reduce demand for personal vehicle transport, because crippling traffic congestion is a serious impediment to economic growth, quality of life and personal safety in countless places around the world.

We believe that this enhanced focus on improving the road and highway infrastructure in the country will not only help the development of the country but also lead to a reduction in road congestion, which will help reduce the number of accidents on the road.

When a highway tunnel is experiencing traffic congestion in the form of vehicles queuing, the traffic police department should take measures such as preventing vehicles from entering, guiding and diverting the traffic according to specific situations and issue the information of traffic jam in a timely way.

Which means that we are now in a position where we have reduced traffic across this toll cordon with 20 percent, and reduced congestion by enormous numbers, and people aren't even aware that they have changed, and they honestly believe that they have liked this all along.

As a result, China s economy is dominated by resource hungry and inefficient polluters, such as coal and mineral mines, textile and paper mills, iron and steel makers, petrochemical factories, and building material producers. Our cities are exploding in size, depleting water resources and creating horrific traffic congestion.

When distributors retailers sell foreign products, inefficiencies in transport, delays, port and road congestion, excessive formalities at borders, slow and non automatized customs procedures, unnecessary inspections and excessive clearing fees contribute to making products expensive for the final consumers and delay their availability on the shelves.

Overcrowded Underground trains and Heathrow s congestion are having an impact, though it is hard to understand why New York wins on these measures. Riding the Subway often brings unpleasant surprises, while JFK Airport is hardly a favorite among travelers (and there remains no fast rail link to it).

Well, the thing is that, the congestion charges, they were introduced first as a trial, so they were introduced in January and then abolished again at the end of July, followed by a referendum, and then they were reintroduced again in 2007, which of course was a wonderful scientific opportunity.

For example, Singapore is harnessing its near complete fiber optic network to reduce urban congestion by introducing a spate of measures encouraging workers to telecommute. As these measures take effect, self sufficient satellite towns will likely develop, reducing transportation related energy consumption further, while fostering a more active civil society.

You know, bike lanes are mostly used by young guys in stretchy pants, you know. So We think we can develop a vehicle that operates on bike lanes, accessible to elderly and disabled, women in skirts, businesspeople, and address the issues of energy congestion, mobility, aging and obesity simultaneously. That's our challenge.

The two cities have a similar number of residents, but Atlanta s transport related carbon dioxide emissions exceed Barcelona s by a factor of six. A key reason for this is urban sprawl with a built up area nearly 12 times larger than Barcelona, Atlanta implicitly encourages widespread private vehicle use, boosting emissions, congestion, and air pollution.

Indeed, research programs led by defense industries have already changed our lives, giving us the jet engine, the Internet, and satellite navigation. In the future, technology developed for military aerial surveillance could have major civilian benefits for example, helping to control traffic and reduce road congestion, and assisting in the dispatch of rescue teams and humanitarian assistance.

For example, lightweight, two passenger vehicles can be up to ten times more energy efficient than a typical car. In the United States, where 90 of automobiles carry one or two people, reliance on such vehicles would result in a dramatic decline in carbon emissions, which would fall even further as a result of less road congestion and smoother traffic flows.