Many other agricultural products and processed agricultural products obtain only a partial reduction of the MFN duties.

Market entry is generally more difficult for processed products than for raw materials owing to the more complex and exacting requirements that exporters must comply with for processed products.

There is also a strong tendency of tariff escalation for processed products.

Further competition is also emerging from Eastern Europe for some temperate zone processed products.

Most international trade is in chilled frozen meat, in the form of cuts further processed products only account for about 10 per cent of world trade but world demand is increasing for further processed convenience products.

Success in tapping markets, particularly for processed products, depends on many factors apart from protectionism. These include quality requirements, labelling and health regulations for processed products, as well as the need for market information and contacts.

This poses considerable challenges, given the difficulty of identifying the sources of processed timber products.

Moreover, a levy is applied to take account of added sugar contained in certain processed products.

This change in composition was due largely to growth in the trade of prepared cereal products, processed vegetables and fruit and other edible products and preparations See OECD, Committee for Agriculture, The Uruguay Round and Processed Agricultural Products, OECD 1997 (AGR CA(96)23 3), pp. 3 9.

However, certain processed fruit and vegetable products will continue to face higher tariffs and seasonal import duties.

4. Whilst one of the principal focuses was on the expansion of trade in processed food products, which could provide new export opportunities for developing countries, it was recognized that the domestic market also constituted a source of demand for processed food products.

Thus, for example, imports of processed agricultural products into the OECD grew by 5.4 per cent over the 1990s as against 2 per cent for unprocessed products.

Increased emphasis placed on rigorous quality control for processed products is one factor which makes exporting of such products considerably more difficult than that of raw material.

To seek to improve market access and reliability of supply for primary products and the processed products thereof, bearing in mind the needs and interests of developing countries

Unfortunately, recent data do not yet allow up to date global trade data disaggregation by processed and unprocessed products.

Current opportunities for export in processed products covered in this report are identified principally in three groups of countries.

Can South South trade in semi processed goods for further processing, and in partially processed goods for processing into final agro industry related products, be translated into enhanced income to primary producers?

There is only a small trade in further processed beef products such as corned beef, other canned cooked products, and smaller volumes of frozen cooked products which are demanded particularly in the EU and the United States.

The United States market has been particularly innovative in inventing fast food processed fish products such as the salmon burger, a low fat hamburger containing seaweed, and other fish products.

These all require raw materials or basic processed horticultural products as inputs and have long established supply relationships with producer countries.

World trade in further processed pigmeat products is especially concentrated, with the EU accounting for 60 per cent of world exports.

If assurances are not given that the imported fish or fishery products have been processed under conditions that are equivalent to those required of domestic processors, the products will be denied entry.

This implies in turn for exporters that access to exports for processed industrial products becomes more difficult, and that vertical diversification of production for exports of higher value added products is slowed down.

If such a category was too small for the Harmonized System, it was typically combined with the further processed forms of those products.

The share of processed products in total OECD food imports increased from 23 per cent (1980 82) to 29 per cent (1990 92).

Traditionally, Japanese consumers have been reluctant to purchase imported processed fish, although there is a demand for processed products including dried squid, fried and steam boiled eel fillets, dried seaweed, flavoured herring roe, fish eyes, stomachs, and fried skipjack.

However, partial data covering earlier periods seem to indicate, for some product groups, a faster growth rate in the trade of processed food products.

Market information and contacts are particularly important for exporting processed cocoa products because they are generally tailored to the needs of an individual customer.

Trade is also more complicated as contract terms for processed products depend on negotiations between buyers and sellers and vary from company to company.

The recent FAO study (1997) on quot The Impact of the Uruguay Round on Tariff Escalation in Agricultural Products quot (ESCP No.3) points out that as a result of the UR tariff concessions more than 80 per cent of nominal tariff wedges between raw materials and their processed products have decreased in nominal terms, creating some opportunities for developing countries to diversify their exports into higher value processed products.

There are obvious attractions for developing countries (with a tropical climate) in pursuing the opportunities in the processed tropical products market, especially for pineapple, mango, papaya and banana, which form the backbone of trade in tropical products, and other minor products such as lychees, rambutan, jackfruit, and vegetable products, such as okra.

There are few quantitative restrictions on imports of processed fruits and vegetables to the United States. Due diligence requires that all processed fruit and vegetables products entering the United States are subject to inspection by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) which is especially concerned with extraneous materials and pesticide residues in imported fruit and vegetable products.

In spite of increased consumer demand for convenience products, the world market in further processed poultry meat products is small, amounting to only about 150,000 tons per annum, but this seems likely to rise in future.

Processed

Poor regulation and difficulties in identifying sawn timber and other processed products ensure that there is little hard evidence to demonstrate the extent of the trade.

Processed files

Processed tasks

Number processed

One option is to tap the sector itself by earmarking funds which could function as venture capital to stimulate diversification into non traditional commodities and processed products

The major sources of income are self employment (54 ), which includes sale of products cultivated or processed in families, wage earning work (19 ) and income from property (6 ).

The Law on Hunting of 1 June 1995 stipulates that wild mammals and birds, which processed products are being used by the national economy are considered as game.

Whereas in Eastern Europe, a structure for the import and distribution of processed horticultural products has begun to emerge, the situation in these countries is much less established.

Origins that have been most successful in exporting processed products are those that have large domestic markets and whose processing operation is not totally dependent on export markets.

Remove processed items

Total number processed