Promoting R D through networking

We started R D in 2006.

DTI, United Kingdom (2004). The 2004 R D scoreboard The top 700 UK and 700 international companies by R D investments. London DTI. http www.innovation.gov.uk

Globalization of R D From the North

Globalization of R D From the South

Every software company is doing Microsoft's R D.

Starting in the 1960s, the first wave of R D internationalization involved mainly asset exploiting R D aimed at adaptation of products for local markets.

While most R D activities remain in developed countries, experts concluded that developing countries are becoming more important as both host and home countries of FDI in R D.

One expert noted that, in some developing countries, high tariffs on imported R D related inputs hamper those countries' efforts to create or develop R D capabilities.

Impact of corporate R D in developing countries Latin American and Africa

Impact of R D activities by TNCs on developing countries Asia

And higher oil prices mean a greater incentive to invest in energy R D.

More recently, however, some countries such as Brazil have begun to attract increasing FDI in R D oriented towards global applications (for instance in the case of R D in automobile components).

In this phase, asset augmenting R D has also grown in importance.

Build creative clusters in cities create more R D parks, so on and so forth.

Until the 1960s, R D tended to be very sticky and stayed in home countries.

R D in critical areas such as agriculture, health and environmental management, are under funded.

Do you know, they only invested 0.2 percent of revenues in R D?

A number of drivers of the current internationalization of R D were identified.

Experts also discussed the role of incentives in attracting R D related FDI.

Governments can encourage university industry R D linkages by establishing formal institutional relationships.

But what we call it is R D I Y, or research and develop it yourself.

Some stressed the importance of broadening the discussion from R D to knowledge creation and innovation.

They form a sufficient critical mass, and have sufficient infrastructure undertaking R D in science and technology.

Other experts highlighted the importance of looking at cases of R D in service industries, not just in manufacturing, given that the bulk of world GDP these days is produced by service industries, and R D is itself a service activity.

The R D work of foreign affiliates has been found in some countries to catalyse domestic R D activities, help universities to identify new areas where skills development is needed, and attract more interest in technological fields from prospective students.

Some experts mentioned the potentially positive role of home countries in promoting FDI in R D in developing countries, for instance by reducing the risks faced by TNCs when conducting R D activities in foreign developing countries.

And it went like this R O W D I E, that's the way we spell rowdie.

Today, the Boeings and the Lockheeds don't spend a dollar of their own money in R D.

The standard explanation refers to the complexity of R D activities and the need for geographical proximity.

Policy options include tax incentives, R D funds, economic development agencies, incentives for networking and joint ventures.

It had focused on the globalization of R D by TNCs and its implications for developing countries.

It was noted that high levels of intellectual property protection are often sought by TNCs locating R D in developing countries, but that the empirical evidence on the impact of IPRs on FDI in R D is mixed.

R D in total in the economy, publicly funded, is about 0.6 percent of GDP.

It was indicated, however, that there are areas where R D related FDI could develop.

Governments should therefore invest in R D a minimum of 1 per cent of GDP.

What we're doing is what NASA or a large corporation would call R D, or research and development.

Experts also observed that Africa attracts low levels of FDI in general and negligible R D related activities.

Levine R and Renelt D (1992). A sensitivity analysis of cross country growth regressions. American Economic Review, September.

These pooled resources will be directed to a few high priority diseases, identified through an evaluation of the marginal benefit of additional R D. Japan s focused strategy to champion stem cell R D should serve as a model for other countries.

Why not do both invest in R D, but still promise to cut carbon emissions now?

Some experts stressed the importance of distinguishing between different phases in the internationalization of R D.

So I said to myself, I'm an engineer, I'm in R and D, this is just a plumbing problem.

In technology generation, transfer and diffusion, developing countries are involving TNCs that are major players in global R D.

Innovation and R D are essential for upgrading technologies, moving up the development ladder, and catching up with developed countries.