Hogan is not a reactionary hothead.

A conservative is not always a reactionary.

Reactionary groups were overthrown by the people.

His ambition should have been to tie Russia s future to that of Europe. Instead, Putin turned for inspiration to Nicholas I, the most reactionary of Russia s nineteenth century czars.

So in the 20th century, you had this vicious cycle in the Arab world where you have a dictatorship suppressing its own people including the Islamic pious, and they're reacting in reactionary ways.

To outsiders, the region is virtually synonymous with political polarization. Fatigue clad guerrillas, charismatic populists, and reactionary military junta leaders have long cut much larger figures than moderate politicians in boring gray suits.

So there's a very sharp decline in liberal ideas in the Muslim world, and what you see is more of a defensive, rigid, reactionary strain, which led to Arab socialism, Arab nationalism and ultimately to the Islamist ideology.

Those advocating extremism in the name of religion are active, well resourced, and whatever the reactionary nature of their thinking brilliant at using modern communication and technology. We estimate that literally billions of dollars every year are devoted to promoting this view of religion.

The blogger who dismissed The Washington Post s corrections of Santorum s fictional portrayal of the Netherlands expressed himself like a perfect post modernist. The most faithful followers of obscure leftist thinkers in Paris, New York, or Berkeley are the most reactionary elements in the American heartland.

It would be a mistake to dismiss anxiety about immigration as mere bigotry or apprehension about the globalized economy as simply reactionary. National, religious, and cultural identities (for lack of a better word) are being transformed, though less by immigration than by the development of globalized capitalism.

BUENOS AIRES For the last 99 years, the presidency of Argentina has rotated between Peronists Juan Domingo Perón and his populist followers and reactionary generals. Every so often, centrists from the Radical Civic Union were voted into office, but their terms ended quickly, in resignations or coups.

But, as countries like Egypt, Syria, and Lybia might be indicating, hereditary succession is not an inherently reactionary move. Rather, it means opting for a controlled transition to a post revolutionary phase in which economic modernization and international integration might usher in greater political change in the future.

It seems appropriate that, due to the Iraq war, the world has been debating the nature of democracy 200 years after Alexis de Tocqueville s birth. Tocqueville is justly famous for rejecting reactionary nostalgia and regarding democracy s triumph as our destiny, while warning against the dangers that democracy holds for liberty.

Female representation in parliaments and government cabinets after the Arab Spring has been either absent or meager, and women activists worry that Islamist parties will implement reactionary policies that discriminate on the basis of gender. In Egypt, for example, the Freedom and Justice Party, which dominates the parliament, claims that a woman cannot become President.

In the Polish capital, Catholic and conservative parties, together with the Solidarity Trade Union, inspired by a reactionary Christian radio network, Radio Maria, gathered for political and cultural, rather than economic, reasons. In the name of the defense of media freedom, they were denouncing a government that they found too centrist and insufficiently Polish.

This reactionary tendency deprived many of access to various scientific findings and knowledge and led to the exclusion of other sources of knowledge, namely God and knowledge based on revelation from the life of human beings in the West divine knowledge that was disseminated by such prophets as Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus and Mohammad.

Given this, it is perhaps unsurprising that, whereas Saudi Arabia s sclerotic leadership pursues reactionary policies rooted in a puritanical understanding of Islam, Qatar s younger royals have adopted a forward thinking approach. Qatar is the home of the Al Jazeera satellite television channel and Education City, a district outside of Doha that accommodates schools, universities, and research centers.

In retrospect, it is remarkable that this distinction managed to define partisan political allegiances for more than 200 years, absorbing both the great reactionary and radical movements of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. But the decline in voter turnout in most of today s democracies suggests that this way of conceptualizing ideological differences may have become obsolete.

In 1999, on the eve of the OSCE Istanbul summit, an unforeseen and unbelievable event took place in the Parliament of Armenia, unprecedented in the history of the modern world, even in the countries with reactionary regimes a number of armed persons entered the session hall of the Parliament and shot some high ranking officials of the Parliament and the Government.

Yet all but a few old Red Guards remain silent, saying, it is not worth remembering. During the Cultural Revolution s early days, the Beijing based Allied Movement, formed by the children of party cadres, committed horrendous acts of violence, operating under the slogan, If the father is a hero, the son is a good man if the father is a reactionary, the son is a turtle egg.