He said, John, I want you to become a good herder.

And every soul came, along with a herder and a witness.

And every soul came, along with a herder and a witness.

At the same time that logging proceeds, reindeer numbers have been reduced because the pastures still available cannot support the previous number of reindeer.

So Rudolph the Red Nosed Reindeer you know it?

The traditional Saami livelihoods include reindeer herding, fishing, hunting and gathering.

After logging, logging waste prevents reindeer grazing and compacted snow hampers digging.

Despite these conditions, the profitability of reindeer husbandry has not improved, as the companies buying reindeer meat have reduced their prices by up to 30 per cent and have purchased less.

The high numbers of reindeer kept by the Herdsmen's Committee in their herds and the resulting adverse effects on herding lands, increase the need for additional feeding, thereby harming the reindeer husbandry.

The traditional indigenous way of life includes reindeer herding, fishing, hunting and gathering.

26. Under the Soviet regime, the means of production, among them reindeer were collectivized.

The ongoing and increasing logging of fine lichen forests increases the necessity of providing fodder and threatens the economic self sustainability of reindeer husbandry, as husbandry depends on the reindeer being able to sustain themselves.

Both express divergent views on all developments that have taken place since the logging in these areas, including the reasons behind the Minister's decision to reduce the number of reindeer kept per herd while the authors attribute the reduction to the logging, the State party invoke the overall increase in reindeer threatening the sustainability of reindeer husbandry generally.

The authors and the State party disagreed on the effects of the logging in the areas in question, including the reasons behind the Minister's decision to reduce the number of reindeer kept per herd while the authors attributed the reduction to the logging, the State party invoked the overall increase in reindeer threatening the sustainability of reindeer husbandry generally.

These include establishment of herder cooperatives as well as co management systems that integrate local and government efforts to improve rangelands (Ngaido et al., 2002).

Many of the State owned reindeer herding farms in the Soviet Union were multi ethnic.

Subject matter Rights of reindeer herders with respect to logging operations undertaken by the State party

In view of the state of winter herding areas, the present number of reindeer is high.

7.10 Even after the reductions of the maximum number of reindeer by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry in 1998 1999 and 2000 2001, the maximum number of reindeer allowed is more than three times the numbers allowed in the 1970s.

For the State party, the Ministry's decision on the permitted number of reindeer does not alone constitute any substantiated evidence of the effects of certain individual loggings, but rather of the effects of the high numbers of reindeer kept in herds.

In recent years, because of the lack of natural winter food, the authors have had to rely on artificial reindeer food which requires additional income from sources other than reindeer husbandry, thereby impacting on the profitability of this form of livelihood.

The Ministry is charged by statute, in determining the maximum number of reindeer, to ensure that the number of reindeer grazing in the Herdsmen's Committee's area in the winter season does not exceed the sustainable productive capacity of the Herdsmen's Committee's winter pastures.

If, on the other hand, the aim is to engage in reindeer husbandry based purely on natural pastures, then loggings even those notified as relatively mild will be of greater significance for reindeer husbandry that is already in difficulties for other reasons .

In addition, the Finnish Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, in considering the maximum permissible population of reindeer per herd, acknowledged the importance and availability of winter nutrition for reindeer Lichenes, Alectoria and Deschampsia and that logging has reduced stocks of the former two foods.

For example, the Komi, Nentsi and Saami people often herded reindeer together within the cooperative structure of the farm.

In the determination of the maximum numbers of reindeer, the principle enshrined in section 21, subsection 2, is applied according to which the number of reindeer in the herds on the lands administered by the Committee may not exceed the sustainable productive capacity of the winter pastures.

The felling cycle involves a wide range of measures, even the least invasive of which cause harm to reindeer husbandry.

40. The Saami culture and livelihoods reindeer husbandry, hunting and fishing are today facing threats from the Swedish urban society and its demand for the opportunity to fish and hunt in Saami areas which up to recently have been an intrinsic part of exclusive Saami reindeer herding rights.

Nor may the reductions in reindeer be considered a justification for not pursuing domestic remedies, where such allegations would be examined.

Many of the indigenous people of the north of Russia are traditionally hunting, fishing and reindeer herding peoples like the Saami.

According to a statement given by the Finnish Game and Fisheries Research Institute on 31 January 2002, the operations referred to in the communication do not have any significant additional adverse effects on reindeer herding in the long term if the numbers of reindeer are maintained approximately at their present level.

10.6 As far as future logging activities are concerned, the Committee observes that on the basis of the information available to it, the State party's forestry authorities have approved logging on a scale which, while resulting in additional work and extra expenses for the authors and other reindeer herdsmen, does not appear to threaten the survival of reindeer husbandry.

Substantive issues Extent to which logging may be carried out by State authorities before it will be considered to violate the rights of reindeer herders

It is also observed that reindeer herdsmen's committees within the Sami often have a mixed composition of both Sami and other Finns as their members.

8.7 It is submitted that after logging, as reindeer do not remain grazing on managed areas, grazing pressure comes to bear on the remaining territory.

In addition, the State collects a penalty fee if the Herdsmen's Committee exceeds its quota of reindeer per herd on account of failure to sell.

The Saami party, which consisted of a certain number of reindeer husbandry communities, also counter claimed several types of curtailed rights to the areas concerned.

Key tasks to be undertaken in establishing a cooperative management programme for the Jordanian Badia include Identifying the leaders of herder groups It is necessary to identify leaders who can speak for larger groups in negotiations with government staff.

Nor was it shown that logging operations would create long lasting harm preventing the authors from continuing reindeer herding in the area at its present extent.

3.2 As to the effect of the logging on the author's herd, it is submitted that reindeer tend to avoid areas being logged or prepared for logging.

3.4 The authors recall that the maximum number of reindeer that may be kept by the Herdsmen's Committee is decided by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry.

The Swedish position with regard to collective rights was inconsistent with national Swedish legislation in which the Saami reindeer herding rights were recognized as collective Saami rights.

3.5 Despite the recent reductions in reindeer herds, the National Forest Park Service continues to conduct logging operations, destroying the Herdsmen's Committee's pastures, and further deteriorating husbandry conditions.

in a town whose streets and show windows already are decorated with bells, with reindeer, holly and season's greetings, there are very angry people here, sullen and hostile.

3.1 The authors allege a violation of their rights as reindeer herders under article 27 of the Covenant, both inasmuch as it relates to logging already undertaken and to logging proposed.