You select one set of cells to perform one sort of behavior, another neuromodulator, another set of cells, a different pattern, and you can imagine you could extrapolate to a very, very complicated system.

So we set out to identify the cells in the fly's brain that played the role of the Critic.

We're made of cells and stuff between cells.

The observation that stem cells, as master cells, could give rise to a whole variety of different cell types heart cells, liver cells, pancreatic islet cells captured the attention of the media and the imagination of the public.

Behind every sound, sight, touch, taste and smell is a corresponding set of cells that receive this information and interpret it for us.

My body's an accumulation of ideas too the idea of skin cells, the idea of brain cells, the idea of liver cells.

Liver cells, nerve cells, pancreatic cells we still can't grow them even today.

We then take the cells, the vascular cells, blood vessel cells, we perfuse the vascular tree with the patient's own cells.

Now both of these kinds of cells can make the place cells fire.

Memory B cells turn into plasma cells, which produce wave after wave of the specific antibodies that latch onto HIV to prevent it from infecting cells, while squadrons of killer T cells seek out and destroy cells that are already HIV infected.

Fat derived stem cells are adult stem cells.

This is because, although each cell in our bodies contains the same set of genes, different mixes of genes get turned on and off in different cells.

The immune cells developed into the tolerance promoting cells.

But adult stem cells are not embryonic stem cells.

They discovered that adult cells, taken from you and me, could be reprogrammed back into embryonic like cells, which they termed IPS cells, or induced pluripotent stem cells.

Leukemia cells treated with this compound turn into normal white blood cells.

Merging Cells

We then tease the cells apart, we grow the cells outside the body.

So, 10 times more bacterial cells than human cells on a human being.

But the moral controversy surrounding embryonic stem cells the fact that these cells are derived from five day old human embryos has encouraged research into other types of stem cells.

We then grow the cells outside the body, take the scaffold, coat the scaffold with the cells the patient's own cells, two different cell types.

We found activity in some cells called the A10 cells, cells that actually make dopamine, a natural stimulant, and spray it to many brain regions.

But Wigler, besides looking at cancer cells, looked at normal cells, and made a really sort of surprising observation.

As just a second example these pyramidal cells, large cells, they can span a significant fraction of the brain.

So you may not only have car cells, you may have Aston Martin cells.

So I've studied a lot about stem cells embryonic stem cells are particularly powerful.

Brave New Cells?

And this is exactly how one cancer cell becomes two cancer cells, two cancer cells become four cancer cells, and we have ultimately uncontrolled tumor growth.

And in fact, it might be changing the cells themselves to make the cells resistant.

And so guess what, scientists around the world and in the labs are racing to convert aging adult cells aging adult cells from you and me they are racing to reprogram these cells back into more useful IPS cells.

It's a great source of stem cells.

Human tissue is made up of cells.

Another example is the creation of hybridomas, hybrid cells created in the laboratory by fusing normal white blood cells that produce antibodies with a cancer cell. Researchers wanted to combine the cancer cells rapid growth and the normal cells ability to dictate the production of a single specific monoclonal antibody.

Cells that are capable of triggering inflammation are balanced by cells that promote tolerance, protecting the body without damaging sensitive tissues.

Because what stem cells are they're these phenomenal cells that really have the ability to differentiate into any type of tissue.

Or we can use cells alone, either your very own cells or different stem cell populations.

That's all stem cells.

The cells looked better.

These are normal cells.

There go the cells.

And all I wanted to show you is we can set up molecules in membranes, in real cells, and then it sets up a kind of molecular Darwinism, a molecular survival of the fittest.

And here is the limitation adult stem cells are mature cells, and, like mature human beings, these cells are more restricted in their thought and more restricted in their behavior and are unable to give rise to the wide variety of specialized cell types, as embryonic stem cells can .

If we cannot use stem cells from your body then we'd like to use donor stem cells.

A similar approach of taking immune cells out of patients and teaching them how to target cancer cells has worked in treating a type of leukaemia.

And in our lab, we are focused on taking fat and reprogramming mounds of fat into fountains of youthful cells cells that we may use to then form other, more specialized, cells, which one day may be used as cell transplants.