Rat, that's a rat could have been you.

On Saturday, a little boy was plucked from a sewer.

The cat ate the rat.

Here is a first prototype of our camera rat, which is a rat with a rat backpack with a camera that can go under rubble to detect for victims after earthquake and so on.

Is the rat alive or dead?

A cornered rat will bite a cat.

You had water, sewer networks that allowed for this kind of unchecked expansion.

Just assorted garage sale junk, because I'm a pack rat.

People burn trash to get rid of the garbage, and they dig their own sewer channels.

Usually they eat larger snakes like rat snakes, or even cobras.

So, I sent them to Boise, Idaho, where they dropped a plastic bottle into the Boise sewer system.

The pyramid, if we jam things in the bottom, can get backed up like a sewer line that's clogged.

Few of you would eat it if it's a rat or a human.

In the 1950s, Olds and Milner put electrodes into the brain of a rat.

This is the ratbot, or the robo rat by Sanjiv Talwar at SUNY Downstate.

Where sanitation fees are separate from water tariffs, progressive fee structures could support cross subsidization of sewer connections for the poor.

And the rat would just keep pressing that bar thousands and thousands and thousands of times.

So how does a place cell know where the rat or person is within its environment?

When you're in it, you're like a rat in a maze you can't even see over the top.

And here it is for the growth of a rat, and those points on there are data points.

So we're going to imagine we're recording from a single neuron in the hippocampus of this rat here.

Where charges for sanitation services are included in water charges, services for poor households, including sewer connections, could be cross subsidized from progressive water charges.

Well don't talk rat, but we have a clicker, a standard method for animal training, which you see there.

The only exception is the naked Somalian mole rat, which never puts its nose above the surface of the ground.

If you're a mammal, if you're a rat or an elephant, or a human, in between, it's the same story.

There's a number of mines placed blindly, and the team of trainer and their rat have to find all the targets.

On the left, we see a tiny piece of beating heart tissue that I engineered from rat cells in the lab.

They shoot everything, every single thing that moves that's bigger than a small rat they sun dry it or smoke it.

So what we see is that this neuron knows whenever the rat has gone into one particular place in its environment.

Whereas other king cobras very often come into the human interface, you know, the plantations, to find big rat snakes and stuff.

Now I don't mean to mock, but being a fit 10 hour a day office rat isn't more balanced it's more fit.

He took 20,000 and then 60,000 disaggregated rat neurons so these are just individual neurons from rats put them on a chip.

What I'd like to do is just drag us all down into the gutter, and actually all the way down into the sewer because I want to talk about diarrhea.

So we might engage a rat, for example, to acquire a new skill or ability that might involve the rat using its paw to master particular manual grasp behaviors just like we might examine a child and their ability to acquire the sub skills, or the general overall skill of accomplishing something like mastering the ability to read.

And all this time, I never saw a single rat in any of these places, until recently, when I was in the London sewers.

Subsidies for sanitation services and sewer connections, whether direct or cross subsidies, could be justified in terms of the public health and environmental benefits from widespread use of sewerage and waste water treatment.

'These are they which are unclean to you among the creeping things that creep on the earth the weasel, the rat, any kind of great lizard,

'These are they which are unclean to you among the creeping things that creep on the earth the weasel, the rat, any kind of great lizard,

Just as an indication, whereas a microscopist can process 40 samples in a day, a rat can process the same amount of samples in seven minutes only.

Lemaire I, Dionne PG, Nadeau D, Dunnigan J (1989) Rat lung reactivity to natural and man made fibrous silicates following short term exposure. Environ Res, 48 193 210.

Evolutionary biologist Paul Ewald drags us into the sewer to discuss germs. Why are some more harmful than others? How could we make the harmful ones benign? Searching for answers, he examines a disgusting, fascinating case diarrhea.

But now as the rat explores around, each individual cell fires in a whole array of different locations which are laid out across the environment in an amazingly regular triangular grid.

One day, in the subway, I was snapping pictures of the tracks hoping to catch a rat or two, and a man came up to me and said, You can't take photographs here.

So together, it's as if the rat can put a virtual grid of firing locations across its environment a bit like the latitude and longitude lines that you'd find on a map, but using triangles.

So in the lower right here, you have Dolly, the first cloned sheep now happily stuffed in a museum in Edinburgh Ralph the rat, the first cloned rat CC the cat, for cloned cat Snuppy, the first cloned dog Snuppy for Seoul National University puppy created in South Korea by the very same man that some of you may remember had to end up resigning in disgrace because he claimed he had cloned a human embryo, which he had not.