like black carbon, that is soot.

No, no. They're covered with soot.

It's just good, clean soot, Michael.

I loaded it with soot, hang it!

And the dress is in the soot.

You'll get soot in your eyes again.

Come on, kids! Roll in the soot.

We'll all roll in soot. We'll be Labradors.

There was soot in the air for a week.

But what we're missing is also some other emissions like black carbon, that is soot.

In 2000, he discovered that soot was probably the second leading cause of global warming, after CO2.

According to Saudi Arabia, heavy soot from the oil well fires was deposited over an area of approximately 7,227 square kilometres of its desert areas.

According to Iran, its analysis of satellite images and meteorological data clearly reveal that the soot was mainly over the southern and south western provinces of Iran.

The dry deposition was in the form of gaseous pollutants and soot particles containing heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, including benzoapyrene, which is a known carcinogen.

Based on a time dependent description of dust formation, condensation of amorphous carbon grains (soot) was proposed as a mechanism to provide particles with the observed properties.

Saudi Arabia states that 31 square kilometres of khabari areas and 101 square kilometres of sabkha areas were contaminated by soot from the smoke plume resulting from the oil well fires.

Saudi Arabia further states that the soot degraded the desert ecosystems and that this continues to pose risks to livestock, flora and fauna that rely on the water in these basins.

For the purposes of the present claim, the Panel considers that, while soot might have caused some short term damage, Saudi Arabia has not provided sufficient evidence to quantify such damage.

Because black particles contain soot and absorb sunlight, they are believed to increase global warming. White particles, however, reflect some of the incoming sunlight back into space, producing a cooling effect on Earth s climate.

Iraq also contends that modelling of the smoke plume shows that soot and SO2 depositions were restricted to the extreme south of Iran in the province of Khuzestan, and were not as widespread as alleged by Iran.

We can see the calcium from the world's deserts, soot from distant wildfires, methane as an indicator of the strength of a Pacific monsoon, all wafted on winds from warmer latitudes to this remote and very cold place.

Iran states that its territory was exposed to wet deposition from approximately 350,000 tonnes of soot, as well as nitrogen and sulphur oxides, organic carbons, heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from the oil well fires in Kuwait.

According to Iran, the air pollution modelling programme combined meteorological pre processors, an emission processor and dispersion deposition models to calculate primary pollutant concentrations and to investigate the deposition of particulates (soot and sulphates) onto the Iranian basin.

In the long term, emissions of CO2 and other long lived greenhouse gases constitute the main problem. But a reduction in emissions of soot (and other short lived climate pollutants) could alleviate the pressures on the climate in the coming decades.

Each storm scours the atmosphere, washing out dust, soot, trace chemicals, and depositing them on the snow pack year after year, millennia after millennia, creating a kind of periodic table of elements that at this point is more than 11,000 feet thick.

In respect to pollution with black smoke (soot), the city zone can be divided into two zones (a) the zone of clean air, and (b) a zone of low to medium polluted air during the year, and in winter season, extremely polluted air.

Among the few certainties in crafting economic policy is the need to adapt to external change. Our challenge is like that of Industrial Revolution era moths, which adapted to their new soot laden environment by becoming darker (and thus better able to hide from predators).

Iran claims that because of the pollutants from the oil well fires in Kuwait, its agriculture could suffer long term losses as a result of damage to the soil from the deposition of heavy metals (such as vanadium, cadmium and lead), soot and hydrocarbons.

With regard to areas damaged by soot, the Panel concluded in the fourth F4 report, part one that, although the damage might have resulted from the oil well fires in Kuwait, Saudi Arabia had not demonstrated that there was any remaining damage that would require remediation.

According to Iran, the oil well fires in Kuwait and evaporation from millions of barrels of crude oil spilt into the Persian Gulf as a result of Iraq's invasion and occupation of Kuwait produced large quantities of soot and sulphur, much of which were deposited in several areas of the Southern Provinces in the form of black rain.

When Mount Pinatubo erupted in 1991, about a million tons of sulfur dioxide was pumped into the stratosphere, reacting with water to form a hazy layer that spread around the globe, and by scattering and absorbing incoming sunlight cooled the earth s surface for almost two years. We could mimic this effect through stratospheric aerosol insertion essentially launching material like sulfur dioxide or soot into the stratosphere.

When Mount Pinatubo erupted in 1991, about a million tons of sulfur dioxide was pumped into the stratosphere, reacting with water to form a hazy layer that spread around the globe, and by scattering and absorbing incoming sunlight cooled the earth s surface for almost two years. We could mimic this effect through stratospheric aerosol insertion essentially launching material like sulfur dioxide or soot into the stratosphere.

Lowering the level of black particles in the atmosphere would benefit both human health and the climate. Measures aimed at accomplishing this could be particularly effective in countries where emission standards for diesel fueled vehicles have not yet been introduced, and in countries, especially in Asia and Africa, where rural dwellings are heated by primitive stoves and food is prepared over open fires, causing large emissions of soot particles.

In 2011, the United Nations Environment Program published a report comparing measures targeting soot particles and other so called short lived climate pollutants to measures reducing CO2, which showed that the former would achieve a more rapid decrease of global warming in the coming decades. The proposal in this report is now gaining support among governments in many countries and may become an important complement to measures to limit CO2 emissions of.

Although Iran has not submitted evidence, such as ground level monitoring data on SO2, ozone, and soot levels, to show the nature and extent of pollution in the areas concerned that could have resulted in crop losses, other evidence provided by Iran, including statistical analyses of data on crop yields, remote sensing data, photographic evidence and information from published literature, indicates that there were reductions in the yields of some crops in the Southern Provinces during 1991.