Substitution effect

Variable substitution in strings

Variable substitution in strings

But our fantasies of substitution have cost us.

1926, Kurt Lewin, founder of social psychology, called this substitution.

All sectors can improve the impact of their operations through ICT, reducing their use of resources through smart energy management, more efficient transport, transport substitution, dematerialization, electronic commerce and substitution of services for products.

Fuelwood conservation and substitution is of high priority in the African forest sector.

(iii) Substitution, as set out in chapters 19 and 20 of Agenda 21

At a subsequent meeting, the council, citing the petition, annulled its original decision without any substitution of an alternative.

Some Parties noted that currently there is limited scope for substitution of non petroleum fuels in the transport sector.

Also outlined are options for St. Helena to generate sustainable wealth through internal investment, tourism, exports and import substitution.

Agriculture is already responding positively to climate change mitigation through substitution of fossil fuels, continued energy efficiency and carbon sequestration.

He underscored in particular the programme of the King of Thailand on Sufficient economy , which focused on a variety of measures including crop substitution.

The redesign involved substitution of aluminum lithium for the existing aluminum alloy, thus taking advantage of the greater strength per unit of weight characteristic of the new material.

The EU biofuels directive,3 adopted in 2003, is concerned with the substitution of conventional oil derived transport fuels, diesel and petrol, by biofuels derived from agricultural crops.

As a result, on February 24, 2005, the Plenary of the House of Representatives approved seven Articles of the Senate's substitution to Bill No. 117 03, by Deputy Iara Bernardi.

It also assessed the feasibility of substitution of chrysotile materials and voluntary and or legislative action for reducing potential health and safety risks arising from manufacture and import of chrysotile products.

International human rights law demands substitution of the previous requirement upon children to adapt themselves to whatever education was available by adapting education to the best interests of each child (Tomaševski 2004).

In the context of Drug Substitution Programmes, implemented in Greece by the Organization against Drugs (ΟΚΑΝΑ), addicted women at least in the third month of pregnancy have priority in joining treatment programmes.

The contact group on consideration of alternatives for new sources considered that the term alternatives could generally be taken to include substitution, unless reference was being made to a specific part of the Convention.

In developing countries, import substitution as a way to jump start economic diversification can work for a while but, over time, as productivity growth lags and comparative advantage is over ridden, growth grinds to a halt.

Those services included needle exchange programmes (also involving the disposal of contaminated injection equipment), substitution maintenance treatment, voluntary HIV testing and counselling, outreach programmes, prevention of and treatment for sexually transmitted infections, and vaccinations for hepatitis.

Katz, Jorge, and Bernardo Kosacoff (2000). Technological learning, institution building, and the microeconomics of import substitution. In Economic History of Twentieth Century Latin America, Enrique Cardinas, Jose Antonio Ocampo and Rosemary Thorp, editors. New York Palgrave Macmillan.

The organisation of several events on mental health all over the country dealing with the issue of the modernization of mental health services, which involves less large anachronistic psychiatric hospitals and their substitution by mental health community services.

11. Calls upon the international community to assist the Transitional Authority in the development and implementation of comprehensive, coordinated programmes aimed at eliminating illicit poppy cultivation in Afghanistan, including through crop substitution programmes and capacity building for drug control

To achieve its objective, the directive is accompanied by an energy tax directive,5 together with which it sets indicative targets for biofuel substitution and sets out a legal framework for fiscal and other national measures to promote biofuels.

Calls upon the International community to increase its assistance to enhance the efforts of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan to curb the Plantation of Opium Poppies, production and trafficking of narcotics and to strengthen crop substitution program in Afghanistan.

In response to a question, it was clarified that, if more than one original of the negotiable transport document was issued, all of them would have to be collected before the negotiable electronic transport record could be issued in substitution.

The implementation of these actions presupposes closing down 4 psychiatric hospitals by the beginning of 2006 (substitution by community structures) and the reduction of psychiatric beds in 4 more psychiatric hospitals by 40 50 aiming at closing these hospitals down as well, by 2015.

This does not mean an increase in overall taxation, but simply a substitution in each country of a pollution (carbon) tax for some current taxes. It makes much more sense to tax things that are bad, like pollution, than things that are good, like savings and work.

The IADB report provides a balanced assessment of that episode. Though import substitution and subsidies were initially successful in igniting industrialization, lack of scale soon hindered efforts (a country of a few million cannot hope to have an auto industry aimed only at the domestic market).

This doesn t amount to a conversion to liberal principles or a substitution of Europe for the ideals of the left and of socialism. The treaty is but a necessary step to successful EU enlargement and further progress on Europe s construction it is not an end in itself.

In short, Europeans will not allow Bush s Iraq war to become a war on their welfare state. What makes the energy imposed as a tax substitution tax particularly attractive as a defense measure is that it leaves the welfare state intact while making Europe safer, greener, and richer.

The Internet Conference enables local enterprises to accept the enlightenment of the digital economy and the wave of digitization from zero distance. Enterprises have a strong desire to make transformation and upgrade. Traditional manufacturing enterprises have increased investment and research and development in the aspects of machine substitution, intelligent management, etc.

Second, workers are concerned that profit sharing may come at the expense of wages, with the substitution of uncertain profits for certain wages resulting in lower overall compensation. Effective profit sharing schemes must be structured to prevent this outcome, and strong collective bargaining rights can help provide the necessary safeguards.

Still, with the amount of real resources transferred to their governments already high, Europeans might balk at a further increase. That is why the energy tax must be imposed as a tax substitution, with income or payroll taxes simultaneously reduced to keep real resource transfers to government at a constant level.

In the post colonial period following World War II, the prevailing development paradigm was a form of structuralism the aim was to change poor countries industrial structure to resemble that of high income countries. Structuralists typically advised governments to adopt import substitution strategies, using public sector intervention to overcome market failures.

The substitution of forests by maize, rape, and other oilseed cultivation reduces the stock of biomass and likewise leads to an increase in the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere. Brazil has cleared huge areas of its jungle in order to produce the bio ethanol that impressed the Secretary General.

Substitution of paracetamol for aspirin, researchers proposed, may have led to an enhanced allergic immune response, thereby increasing susceptibility to asthma and other allergic disorders. Since then, a number of epidemiological studies have reported an association between asthma and exposure to paracetamol in the womb, in childhood, and in adulthood.

Now comes a second, potentially even more powerful, wave of digital technology that is replacing labor in increasingly complex tasks. This process of labor substitution and disintermediation has been underway for some time in service sectors think of ATMs, online banking, enterprise resource planning, customer relationship management, mobile payment systems, and much more.

Even if an SDR Substitution Account is established, it is unlikely that the dollar s share in international reserves would fall to an insignificant level. The dollar will remain important for many countries as a vehicle for intervention in foreign exchange markets, as well as for invoicing and for denominating internationally traded securities.

But one can envisage a system in which international reserves are held each in roughly equal shares of dollars, euros (assuming a further gradual increase in its share), and SDRs. While there are currently other priorities, it would be useful for the IMF to study anew an SDR substitution account and similar schemes.

Similarly, to cultivate bio fuels on land that would otherwise be used to produce sustainable construction materials would drive up the prices of these materials and encourage their substitution by non sustainable materials like concrete and steel. This may be unobjectionable on ethical and social policy grounds, but it certainly would not help the environment.

The substitution of natural gas for coal has put the US on track to meet the Obama administration s international commitment to reduce CO2 emissions 17 below 2005 levels by 2020. Gas is also better for local air quality, owing to the absence of the sulfur dioxide, nitrous oxide, mercury, and particulates emitted by burning coal.

Article 2 of this regulation points out that if, due to the characteristics of the work, a pregnant worker cannot perform her duties, the employer is required to substitute duties without compromising their rights in the company. If the employer fails to arrange for substitution of work, then longer maternity leave must be given.