Summers were hard, hard work, in the heat of Tennessee summers.

Guandong summers are long.

Summers are very hot in Kyoto.

Every year, the summers get hotter and the winters get colder.

I grew up in the South and whiled away the summers fishing.

Shanghai summers can reach temperatures of up to 38 9 degrees. That is extremely hot!

Sixty summers have passed since Hiroshima and Nagasaki suffered the indescribable horrors of nuclear devastation.

My childhood summers were in the Puget Sound of Washington, among the first growth and big growth.

The economist Larry Summers has reintroduced the term secular stagnation to describe what awaits us. By the mid 2000 s, Summers argued at a recent International Monetary Fund conference, the average prospective return on new investment in the United States had fallen below any feasible reduction in the Federal Reserve s benchmark interest rate.

PYTHON has made measurements at South Pole during the past two austral summers and has now been operated for the first time during winter.

Obama originally had a wonder team of economic advisers, including Lawrence Summers, Christina Romer, Austan Goolsbee, and Cass Sunstein. But they are gone now.

Through the summers, as they go from one teacher to the next, you have this continuity of data that even at the district level they can see.

A vicious circle, it seems, is at work. The way to break it, according to Summers, is to sustain monetary stimulus and boost demand aggressively through fiscal policy.

In 2007, the Northwest Passage was ice free for the first time in living memory. Boats of all sizes including cruise ships have sailed through easily in summers since then.

And two summers ago at the Hyde Park in London, with the Serpentine Gallery a kind of a temporal pavilion where moving was the only way you could see the pavilion.

BERKELEY Former US Treasury Secretary Lawrence Summers had a good line at the International Monetary Fund meetings this year governments, he said, are trying to treat a broken ankle when the patient is facing organ failure. Summers was criticizing Europe s focus on the second order issue of Greece while far graver imbalances between the EU s north and south, and between reckless banks creditors and governments that failed to regulate properly worsen with each passing day.

Larry Summers, when he was chief economist at the World Bank, once said that, It may well be that the highest return on investment in the developing world is in girls' education.

The first, the Secular Stagnation Hypothesis, has been proposed by Larry Summers. Its key premise is that the equilibrium interest rate at which demand would balance supply is currently below the actual interest rate.

An emerging narrative might better explain why stimulus efforts have been unsuccessful As former US Treasury Secretary Larry Summers has argued, the world economy may be going through a sustained period of secular stagnation.

In my view, they are misdemeanors. Against them you have to set what former Treasury Secretary Larry Summers calls Greenspan s golden glove performance at avoiding and minimizing recessions during his years at the Fed.

Cornelius Osgood, an American anthropologist, attributed Korean extremism to the peninsula s weather. He observed that the Korean temperament is a product of long, harsh Siberian winters and hot, humid summers, with only short springs and autumns.

In the last three decades, its volume has shrunk by roughly three quarters. As the University of Laval s Louis Fortier puts it, we are three quarters of the way to ice free summers in the Arctic Ocean.

Even China s supersonic growth is beginning to slow some economists, including Larry Summers, are predicting that it could grind suddenly to a halt. Either way, the road ahead is likely to be bumpy, with increasing friction where politics rubs against economics.

How summers and crises go together was obvious in the event that triggered the first big collapse of the gold standard, the outbreak of WWI in 1914. Indeed, this was the Urkrise the event that made the twentieth century so terrible.

Ms. Lenz (Saharawi Children's Program) said that she had visited the refugee camps 17 times and that for the past six summers her organization had coordinated the stays of roughly 200 Saharan children with host families across the United States.

And in the last two to three summers, these invasive organisms, this kind of Ebola of the trees, as it were, has swept through the primeval Hemlock forest of the east, and has absolutely wiped it out. I climbed there this past summer.

LONDON In 1993, the economists Alberto Alesina and Larry Summers published a seminal paper that argued that central bank independence keeps inflation in check, with no adverse consequences for economic performance. Since then, countries around the world have made their central banks independent.

But now secular stagnation the concept du jour in US policy debates since former Treasury Secretary Larry Summers argued last November that the US (and perhaps other advanced economies) has entered a long period of anemic GDP growth may also be coming to Latin America.

Low rates, in turn, provided the lubrication needed to finance the asset bubble in the US and elsewhere. According to Summers, high savings caused weak growth under the alternative explanation offered here, it was primarily rapid growth and its distinctive features that drove high savings.

Geithner and Larry Summers, Obama s chief economic advisor, share Wall Street s culture as protégés of Robert Rubin, the former treasury secretary who went on to serve as a director and senior counselor at Citigroup. Neither man found it difficult to accept the bankers absurd logic.

It will also be a reminder of the dangers of rushing in with official money where private debts have become unsustainable. Staying the course, as Summers warns, will lead only to needless suffering before that course inevitably collapses, bringing Greece and much else crashing down.

But the view that advanced economies are gradually healing is challenged from both sides. Starting with demand, Larry Summers, the Harvard economist and senior US official under Presidents Bill Clinton and Barack Obama, recently proposed that advanced economies have found themselves in the grip of secular stagnation.

That will be especially true if these transformations take place against the background drawn by Summers of persistent mass unemployment. The risk is that social problems become intractable, as technological advances come to be regarded as benefiting the rich while creating additional hardship for the masses.

The new pessimism comes not from Marxists, who have always looked for telltale signs of capitalism s collapse, but from the heart of the policymaking establishment Larry Summers, former US President Bill Clinton s Secretary of the Treasury, and chief economist of almost everything at one time or another.

The economist Larry Summers has invoked the analogy of the Vietnam War to describe European decision making. At every juncture they made the minimum commitments necessary to avoid imminent disaster offering optimistic rhetoric, but never taking the steps that even they believed could offer the prospect of decisive victory.

But what Housman understood, and you hear it in the symphonies of Nielsen too, was that the long, hot, silvan summers of stability of the 19th century were coming to a close, and that we were about to move into one of those terrifying periods of history when power changes.

But some observers, such as Nobel Laureate Paul Krugman and former US Treasury Secretary Larry Summers, continue to doubt whether QE can really be effective. As Krugman recently put it, a deflationary vortex is dragging down much of the world economy, with falling prices causing an inescapable downward spiral in demand.

Summers emphasizes the inadequacy of aggregate demand, exacerbated by the inability of central banks to reduce nominal interest rates below zero. The reasons for weak aggregate demand include aging populations that consume less and the growing concentration of wealth among the very rich, whose marginal propensity to consume is small.

Central banks might have been able to attain the technocratic ideal of macroeconomic business cycle management that Summers hoped for back in 1991, but they failed to do so. And few central bankers, if any, seem to have good ideas concerning institutional changes that could strengthen their ability to accomplish that mission.

Those who know their history will recognize that Summers is reviving an argument advanced by the American economist Alvin Hansen in 1938. Owing to a slowdown in population growth, and thus lower demand for capital, the world, Hansen claimed, faced a problem of secular, or structural, unemployment in the decades before us.

But, on the other side of the Atlantic, Americans have no reason to feel smug. Summers could have used the same metaphor to criticize the United States, where the continued focus on the long run funding dilemmas of social insurance is sucking all of the oxygen out of efforts to deal with America s macroeconomic and unemployment crisis.

Similarly, Americans keep two million of their fellow citizens in jail the cost of building the prisons and paying the jailers is also included in GDP. Professor Gordon also points out that America's more extreme climate colder winters (save in Florida and California) and hotter summers (save in Washington, Oregon, and California) must spend more on heating and cooling.

But I do think that this discussion is the most important debate in the field of macroeconomics since John Maynard Keynes wrestled with similar questions in the 1930s. For Keynes, the answer was clear, and it was something close to what is being argued by Summers and Krugman indeed, his conclusions are what transformed him from a monetarist into a Keynesian.

SINGAPORE In recent weeks, there has been a chorus of opinion arguing for a sharp increase in global investment, particularly in infrastructure. Former US Treasury Secretary Lawrence Summers asserted that public investment really is a free lunch, while IMF Managing Director Christine Lagarde has argued that an investment boost is needed if the world economy is to overcome a new mediocre.

If Gordon is right about slow productivity growth, the debt overhang inherited from the crisis and public finance woes will persist for much longer than anticipated. If, in addition, Summers is right that demand is bound to remain deficient, the combination of financial troubles and persistent mass unemployment is likely to push governments toward radical solutions debt default, inflation, or financial protectionism.