Valence

Henry de Valence

Most of us are familiar with electrons.

And these prices are actually with clean electrons.

Their electrons are in a lower potential state.

And the electrons can only be in particular places.

We do not use any electrons that come from coal.

So, electricity is the flow of electrons inside a material.

And when they do that, the electrons can enter into lower potential states, and when they do, the electrons release energy, so you have some plus energy here.

In fact, there's about 12 electrons can all be flowing this way.

Rays consisting of electrons that are emitted from Atoms of radioactive elements.

But electrons are you know, it's hard to they do have mass.

What had been difficult to figure out was how to get electrons to superconduct. The basic discovery of BCS was that if the electrons pair up, those couples could indeed superconduct.

And as you start to read on, you can see that maybe there's some kind of political valence behind some of this.

Electrons bumble down the wire, about the speed of spreading honey, they say.

What we found out, when you move from molecules to electrons, something interesting happens.

They have little electrons that swarm around a central nucleus with neutrons and protons.

IMS is designed to measure the density and temperature of electrons in the ionosphere.

As we make them smaller and less expensive, the electrons have less distance to travel.

Electrons have an electric charge, a negative one, and quarks have electric charges in thirds.

In addition, these scientists have learned a lot about the effects of electrons in the upper atmosphere.

Electrons disappear in a kind of fuzz, and there is only energy. And you can't see energy.

And that current, electrical current, is carried by electrons, just like in your house and so on.

Imagine if a team of physicists could stand inside of an atom and watch and hear electrons spin.

And actually it turns out, all magnets, the magnetic field is actually generated by the electrons within it.

Well, when all of the electrons are doing random different things in a metal bar, then it's not magnetized.

During some nights, the ionized layer is full of free electrons, which means that the radio signal can go further.

And that's what all these machines are doing, except, instead of doing it with marbles, they're doing it with electrons.

So by doing this, these guys, their electrons are in a lower potential, or they're in a more stable configuration.

So when the electrons go from their higher potential configurations over here, and they become more stable, they release energy.

lower potential state, the electrons kind of configure themselves when they get near each other, and enter into this state.

Because the magnetic spins, or the magnetism created by the electrons are all canceling each other out, because it's random.

And again, they only absorb light at particular colors when electrons jump up and fall down, jump up and fall down.

As we were working on this, it dawned on us this is taking infrared radiation, wavelengths, and converting it into electrons.

And these electrons, while flowing, they collide with the atoms, and in these collisions they lose a certain amount of energy.

The net charge on an ion is equal to the number of protons in the ion minus the number of electrons.

Fortunately, the mechanism for such coupling was known. Although electrons are negatively charged, and therefore repel one another, the positive ions that they leave behind when they flow through a metal can mediate an effective attraction between two electrons under restrictive conditions (for example, the metal must be very cold).

SAMPEX apos s mission is to monitor energetic electrons and atomic ions from the Sun and from interplanetary, interstellar, and magnetospheric space.

And there you see unification, because matter particles, electrons and quarks, radiation particles, photons, gravitons, are all built up from one entity.

And energy does something else quite magical it congeals to form matter quarks that will create protons and leptons that include electrons.

Electrons are fuzzy creatures, and they can jump across gaps, but only at equal energy. If the energy differs, they can t jump.

GL Well, as far as we know electrons are point particles, so this would be going down to the smallest possible scales.

By the spin of electrons and that you know, when we talk about electron spin we imagine some little ball of charge spinning.

But if you align the spins of the electrons, and if you align their rotations, then you will have a magnetically charged bar.

And then, if they bump into each other just right, their electrons are going to be more stable, and maybe they form this character.