Some analysts noted clear advantages of auctions with respect to transparency of the contract award process over the traditional tendering procedure.

Consequently, as tendering is the general procurement method for goods and construction, the provisions enable an electronic reverse auction procedure that follows the pattern of the standard tendering method, adapted to provide for an electronic reverse auction.

The most common procedure was the tendering method (adjudication), in which the contract was awarded to the tenderer offering the lowest price.

1. Public tendering

Two stage tendering, like an auction, involves successive tendering phases, but the Model Law does not give any guidance on how article 33 applies to two stage tendering.

As electronic reverse auctions may also be appropriate in the circumstances in which the Model Law allows use of restricted tendering under article 20 (in cases in which the time and costs of a tendering procedure would be disproportionate, or in cases of a limited number of suppliers because of highly complex or specialized goods), the materials also include an option to provide for an equivalent to a restricted tendering procedure (see, further, para. 24 below).

The Norwegian Competition Authority successfully used this procedure to ensure that the market remained competitive.

Indeed, applications have tripled over the past three years, making the selection procedure extremely competitive.

(1) The electronic reverse auction is to be conducted as a tendering procedure, and accordingly the provisions of chapter III of the Model Law apply unless they are inconsistent with the nature of an auction procedure.

As to its location, the Working Group may consider that the draft article should be presented as part of chapter II ( Methods of procurement and their conditions for use ) and, as a form of tendering, after the current article 19 ( Conditions for use of two stage tendering, requests for proposals or competitive negotiation ).

Secondly, they can enhance the efficient allocation of resources (reducing the time required to conduct a procurement, and reducing the administrative costs of the traditional open tendering procedure).

Although this means that ERAs can be used in open tendering proceedings, it has been observed that, in practice, the restricted procedure will normally be used when an ERA is involved.

Staff rule 104.15 regulates the procedure to be followed for appointments by competitive examination national competitive recruitment examinations are administered only to nationals of countries which are unrepresented, under represented or below their mid point range.

Measures used to influence technology deployment include tax breaks, direct subsidies, and guaranteed markets either requirements for utilities to obtain a quota of renewable or CHP resources through competitive tendering, or public institution targets to obtain green power (e.g., CAN).

In the interim report submitted in March 2005, the panel reported on the WAMCO contract, signed by the Minister of Lands and Mines Jonathan Mason, giving a monopoly over the purchase of diamonds to WAMCO without following any transparent competitive tendering process.

UNOPS has developed expertise in recruitment and placement of experts, procurement, tendering and contracting (UNOPS has opened a procurement office at Copenhagen, which probably can be described as the United Nations procurement centre) at very competitive rates, while maintaining high standards of performance.

(b) Make bidding and tendering processes more transparent and subject to public scrutiny.

That reality, it was stated, was not adequately reflected in the above mentioned paragraphs, which should be redrafted so as to avoid the impression that they prescribed the use of tendering or other competitive selection procedures as the only acceptable ones for the award of infrastructure projects.

The Working Group may also wish to make an equivalent provision in two stage tendering.

However, given the complex nature of infrastructure projects, alternative competitive methods, such as the request for proposals procedure, are sometimes preferred for the selection of the project sponsors.

(Those provisions are incorporated by cross reference to chapter III of the Model Law in articles 46 (1) (two stage tendering) and 47 (3) (restricted tendering), and similar provisions are implied in article 48 (6) (request for proposals).

60. The Board was concerned at the extent to which UNTAES was using the miscellaneous obligating document procedure, which, unlike purchase orders, does not require a competitive bidding process.

(4) Paragraphs 4 (a) and (b) allow for either open tendering principles to be adopted (that is, all qualified suppliers can participate), or limited tendering, such that only those bidders that have the best ranked bids are invited to participate.

The main arguments for an optional phase approach are (a) flexibility an ERA can be used within more than one procurement method (e.g., open tendering, restricted tendering and two stage tendering) and (b) special regulations have to be drafted only for those aspects of ERA proceedings that are different from normal rules and procedures, as the general aspects of procurement methodology will continue to apply.

National competitive examinations

Provide business opportunities (vendor rationalization by eliminating non competitive firms and fostering competitive ones)

(f) Article 30 (2) (requiring entities to extend the tendering deadline when it makes changes to its requirements)

Is it cost competitive?

Is Finance Too Competitive?

She is overly competitive.

I. Anti competitive practices

(a) Competitive entry process

The competitive bidding process

Avoidance of competitive bidding

Work on the construction phase was due to start soon after 30 June 1997, once tendering procedures were completed.

Detailed design and tender documents for a main gravity interceptor were revised, and tendering was planned for September 1998.

The Administration has given assurance that open tendering on the Web site and advertisements in newspapers will be addressed.

It's a pre competitive issue.

I. Anti competitive practices 4

(b) The establishment, in advance, of conditions for participation, including selection and award criteria and tendering rules, and their publication

The tendering process for development of the software by an outside vendor is expected to be completed by October 2005.

Courses covered such topics as marketing, business communication, financial management, tax planning, feasibility studies, bidding and tendering, and construction planning.

(c) The new Procurement Manual provided guidelines on methods of invitation to bid, but they did not cover open tendering

The Panel also notes that appropriate procedures, such as competitive tendering, the requirement of KOC approval for purchases made through Bechtel, and accounting and cost control systems were employed by the Claimant to control the costs and to keep them at a reasonable level in the extraordinary circumstances prevailing in Kuwait in the aftermath of the Gulf War.

As a result, all direct purchases by the Fund for the biennium ended 31 December 1997 were made through the miscellaneous obligating document procedure, which, unlike purchase orders, does not require a competitive bidding process.