Hi. I'm here to talk about congestion, namely road congestion.

In London, the day they turned the congestion pricing on, there was a 25 percent decrease in congestion overnight, and that's persisted for the four years in which they've been doing congestion pricing.

Road congestion is a pervasive phenomenon.

You really reduce congestion quite substantially.

The first day with the congestion charges looked like this.

This shows public support for congestion pricing of Stockholm, and you see that when congestion pricing were introduced in the beginning of Spring 2006, people were fiercely against it.

They're actually confident that they have liked congestion pricing all along.

They're relieving congestion, and they're frankly starting to save some fuel.

The demand for parking, of course, is down, congestion and the CO2 emissions.

So, the last example of this is congestion pricing, very famously done in London.

Whatever happens with congestion pricing and those technologies will be happening with road pricing.

And let's now look at how we can use this insight to combat road congestion.

So with cities, you also have congestion and pollution and disease and all these negative things.

Congestion pricing is being discussed in every major city around the world and is, again, wirelessly enabled.

If you can reduce traffic even somewhat, then congestion will go down much faster than you might think.

This is the last day with the congestion charges, July 31, and you see the same street but now it's summer, and summer in Stockholm is a very nice and light time of the year, and the first day without the congestion charges looked like this.

Traffic congestion caused by tourism can have a serious impact on local quality of life, requiring effective management solutions.

And what congestion pricing is is that it's a technology trial and a psychological trial for something called road pricing.

But what happened when the congestion charges were there is not what you would expect, that people hated it more and more.

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Now, congestion charges were introduced in Stockholm on January 3, 2006, and the first picture here is a picture of Stockholm, one of the typical streets, January 2.

Wrong again. It's now six and a half years ago since the congestion charges were introduced in Stockholm, and we basically have the same low traffic levels still.

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So, I want to move now to the second part of my story, which is when are we going to start doing this congestion pricing? Road pricing is coming.

And why is this going to happen? Because we're going to do congestion pricing, we are going to do road tolls, gas taxes are going to become road pricing.

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Now, that's also wrong, because traffic happens to be a nonlinear phenomenon, meaning that once you reach above a certain capacity threshold then congestion starts to increase really, really rapidly.

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Payment or relief to others None of the claims in this instalment seek compensation for payment or relief to others.