Large current account surpluses and or rising terms of trade imply that the equilibrium real exchange rate (the relative price of foreign to domestic goods) has appreciated in countries like China and Russia. Thus, over time the actual real exchange rate needs to converge via real appreciation with the stronger equilibrium rate.

In China, changes in the export sector s structure similar to those observed in Japan are now taking place. These changes are likely to make today s attempts to find an equilibrium yuan dollar exchange rate seem just as chimerical in hindsight as previous calculations of the yen dollar equilibrium rate.

Interest rates, employment, aggregate demand, and technological and institutional innovation all play a role. As the economist Joan Robinson pointed out in 1947, just about any exchange rate will be the equilibrium value for some combination of these other variables. The equilibrium exchange rate, she famously argued, is a chimera.

The first, the Secular Stagnation Hypothesis, has been proposed by Larry Summers. Its key premise is that the equilibrium interest rate at which demand would balance supply is currently below the actual interest rate.

It does an equilibrium glide. Highly controlled.

But it's being balanced like that in equilibrium.

It's a revolution in that it's a change in equilibrium.

We could apply the theory of punctuated equilibrium to languages.

Interest rates, employment, aggregate demand, and technological and institutional innovation all play a role. As the economist Joan Robinson pointed out in 1947, just about any exchange rate will be the equilibrium value for some combination of these other variables.

And that equilibrium is not what the United States would like, but it's probably an equilibrium that the United States can live with, and that a lot of others can live with.

They created the scenarios using outputs from equilibrium and or transient GCMs.

That equilibrium lies at the heart of the potential of those mechanisms.

Why not also for England, for that matter? An equilibrium in which Scots vote on English laws but the English have no vote on Scottish laws will not remain an equilibrium for long.

But any further move toward interest rate liberalization must account for all potential costs and benefits. Chinese policymakers should begin with a careful examination of the effects of current financial repression (the practice of keeping interest rates below the market equilibrium level).

Clearly, there must be major differences in the macroeconomic models used to produce such a wide range of estimates. But the one thing about which everyone seems to agree is the theoretically and empirically unjustified assumption that an equilibrium exchange rate actually exists.

He says, the problem with thermal equilibrium is that we can't live there.

Are they ever in equilibrium in the way that you see your work?

The reason we should fear this possibility is that the world s economic equilibrium is both fragile and unstable and could wobble dangerously without determined and coordinated policy intervention. A Fed rate hike might not tip it over, but some other seemingly innocuous event could.

Society will be exposed to putrid legislation and that will affect the societal equilibrium .

So Boltzmann says, look, you could start with a universe that was in thermal equilibrium.

So economists talk about game theory that every two person game has a Nash equilibrium.

So when the fish control the urchin population, the ocean was restored to its natural equilibrium.

That number is then adjusted for the inflation differential between the country and its trading partners. If the resulting real exchange rate is not too far from that of the base year, the market is said to be in equilibrium, and little or no further depreciation should be expected.

With a fast rising RMB, net capital outflows will increase, which is what Japan experienced after the Plaza Accord of 1985 pushed the yen upward. As a result, balance of payments equilibrium would be reached at a certain exchange rate level, but a current account surplus (albeit smaller) would still exist.

We would not be able to process information, metabolize, walk and talk, if we lived in thermal equilibrium.

The universal view was that without the industrial and agricultural revolutions, planet Earth would still be in equilibrium.

This is Niles Eldredge. He was the co developer with Stephen Jay Gould of the theory of punctuated equilibrium.

Given that an exchange rate is the relative price of a currency, as more euros come into circulation, their value has to fall substantially to establish a new equilibrium in the currency market. Experience with similar programs in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Japan has shown that QE unleashes powerful forces of depreciation.

And then, what population of the Earth would be an equilibrium that could continue on, and be for 2050, 2100, 2150?

But in any event, by the end of this year, beginning of next year, we get to a stable equilibrium outcome.

An expanded Europe, which maintains a relationship of trust with Russia, uses its influence and strength to promote peace and equilibrium.

Societies in which the official unemployment rate stands at 10 or more for generations are societies in which government economic management has failed. So, for 20 years it has seemed to me that Western Europe s underlying political equilibrium corporatist bargaining and ample social insurance, on the one hand, and tight monetary policies, on the other must crack.

They could also be used to recalibrate existing applied general equilibrium models, which usually do not include NTBs, at least not extensively.

The first is, the system has to be in non equilibrium. That means the system cannot be dead, in a matter of fact.

Furthermore, this equilibrium must be supported by an enabling international environment that complemented a sound approach by African countries at the domestic level.

Western sanctions, which seemed to constitute only a pinprick a few months ago, appear to have inflicted serious damage, with the ruble having lost nearly half its value against the US dollar last year. Though financial markets will calm down when the ruble s exchange rate settles into its new equilibrium, Russia s economy will remain weak, forcing the country s leaders to make tough choices.

In cases where imported goods, to which contractual tariff rate or preferential tariff rate is applicable are subject to temporary rate, the lower tariff rate shall apply.

The result is far shorter waiting lists for day nurseries, and supply and demand are now in equilibrium in many parts of the country.

The malnutrition rate and the child mortality rate have been reduced.

Table 1.6 Total birth rate and population growth rate in Viet Nam ( )

Even if the employment subsidy were offered only for, say, one year, firms would be tempted to use more labor during this time. And, because the current bout of high unemployment is self reinforcing, once the equilibrium is broken for a while, the economy could move to a higher employment equilibrium permanently, without the need for any further government support.

We can find ways to interact with these other species that doesn't involve exterminating them, but involves finding an equilibrium with them that's a useful balance.

This state of alienation not only had prevented her from giving her daughter the support she needed, but also had seriously threatened her daughter's mental equilibrium.

Even if exhaustive information were available, the construction of a general measure of NTBs could be tedious, as general equilibrium effects are likely to be excluded.

Spending rate