This sharp devaluation increased further the cost of debt servicing and the debt to GDP ratio.

Under Chapter 11, companies with a solid underlying business generally swap debt for equity. Old equity holders are wiped out and old debt claims are transformed into equity claims in the new entity which continues operating with a new capital structure. Alternatively, the debt holders can agree to reduce the face value of debt, in exchange for some warrants.

A public debt crisis in Japan (as the combination of recession, deflation, and high deficits drove up the debt GDP ratio).

How is that possible? As corporate finance experts have been saying for 30 years, having too much debt and too little equity is costly, so reducing the face value of debt can sometimes benefit not only equity holders, but also debt holders.

Even with the latest deal, Greece s debt ratio remains at 120 of last year s GDP. With a projected drop in GDP of 7 this year and a sustained deficit, the debt ratio would exceed 130 before stabilizing at 120 in 2020.

It is estimated that the debt export ratio in net present value terms is high (187 per cent), suggesting that Haiti's debt is unsustainable.

The ECLAC region's debt to export ratio is higher than that of any other developing region.

In 2004 the ratio of debt servicing to exports was 10.0 per cent (see figure below).

Although the government s stimulus policies have increased the national debt, the debt GDP ratio remains relatively low, at roughly 37 . Public debt in Japan, by contrast, exceeds 220 of GDP.

It lists already 1,000 entities that are offering debt and equity for social enterprise.

Third, though China s public debt GDP ratio is officially still under 20 , since the onset of the global financial crisis in 2008, its fiscal position has deteriorated. If the government s contingent liabilities are included, China s debt GDP ratio may be closer to 50 .

UNCTAD should continue its work in the area of debt, including the study of the application of debt for equity swaps for development.

The ratio of debt to exports was 83.4 per cent, likewise one of the lowest in the region.

It narrows government budget deficits by increasing tax revenues and limiting welfare spending. By raising the denominator of the debt GDP ratio, it enhances confidence in debt sustainability.

Starting from 1999, the first year of recession, fiscal deficits rose substantially, alongside the public debt to GDP ratio.

The ratio of debt service to exports for these countries has declined to an average of 10 per cent.

Owing to strong GDP growth, the debt to GDP ratio decreased from 100.2 per cent to 95.1 per cent.

For Greece, with an overall deficit of 4.1 of GDP and a debt GDP ratio of 170 , the debt ratio would fall if the combination of inflation and real (inflation adjusted) GDP growth exceeded 2.4 . Stated differently, now that Greece has achieved a zero primary budget deficit, its debt burden will decline if its nominal growth rate exceeds the average interest that it pays on its government debt.

Concessions that the developed countries could make to Africa included meeting their official development assistance (ODA) commitments, debt cancellation and the conversion of debt into equity investments.

In 1996, when Japan s public debt GDP ratio reached 80 , many Japanese economists and officials worried about a looming crisis. Almost two decades later, the ratio has surpassed 200 and still no crisis has erupted.

In particular, they should have paid greater attention to the sustainability of US mortgage and consumer debt. In 2007, the mortgage and consumer debt to GDP ratio was more than 90 , compared to 24 for net foreign debt.

In fact, China s high debt GDP ratio is, to a large extent, a result of its simultaneously high saving and investment rates. And, while the inability to repay loans can contribute to a high debt burden, the nonperforming loan (NPL) ratio for China s major banks stands at less than 1 .

Indeed, according to the OECD, by the end of this year, America s national debt GDP ratio will climb to 108.6 . Public debt in the eurozone stands at 99.1 of GDP, led by France, where the ratio is expected to reach 105.5 , and the United Kingdom, where it will reach 104.2 .

The personal debt to income ratio basically went from 65 percent to 135 percent in the span of about 15 years.

But TLAC is just jargon for saying that these banks should fund themselves with both equity and bail in able debt debt that can be converted to equity (or wiped out) when there is an official resolution event. All this really means is that some debt can fall dramatically in value when government officials pull the trigger.

Indeed, the ICBC s non performing loan (NPL) ratio for LFP loans is as low as 0.3 , while the corresponding coverage ratio the bank s ability to absorb losses from NPLs is 1,066 . According to the NAO, the NPL ratio for the RMB10.7 trillion in local government debt is roughly 2.3 .

Fifth, debt burdens that cannot be eased by growth, savings, or inflation must be rendered sustainable through orderly debt restructuring, debt reduction, and conversion of debt into equity. This needs to be carried out for insolvent governments, households, and financial institutions alike.

In plain English, a supposedly well capitalized bank in the UK can have 97 cents of debt per one dollar of assets (and just three cents of equity). Such a low loss absorption capacity would get you run out of town in the US, where regulators are weighing a 5 6 leverage ratio (twice as much equity on a non risk weighted basis), and some responsible officials are still pushing for 10 or higher.

France s debt GDP ratio is already around 90 even if its 2013 budget deficit does not exceed 3.5 of GDP, its debt GDP ratio will have climbed to 93 by the end of the year. The government s GDP share, at 56 , is the highest in the eurozone and second highest among all developed countries.

The residents sector accounts for an increasing share of the total debt in the real economy, and the leverage ratio has risen rapidly.

Likewise, while Japan has the highest debt to GDP ratio among rich countries, this is not a serious problem because the debt is domestically held. And Europe s debt problems are now widely acknowledged to be due to ill conceived aspects of European integration.

Governments do not tax the return on equity less than debt interest, and lenders do not sufficiently honor the benefits of high equity with lower interest rates, owing to a lack of information about the true repayment probability. This is why equity capital held by financial institutions typically is more than twice as expensive as debt capital and why these institutions try to minimize its use.

Thus, a debt equity swap of less than 7.5 of the creditors investment would be enough to compensate for the banks losses. And, even if the banks private depositors, whose claims are 39 of the aggregate balance sheet, were excluded, the debt equity swap necessary to compensate for a loss of up to 100 of the equity would be less than 12 of the creditors investment volume.

When considering today s concern about Japan s high public debt to GDP ratio, now at 202 on a gross basis, one needs to reflect that the ratio would most likely be profoundly lower if Japan had in the past financed more of its deficit spending with trills instead of conventional debt, and issued them to investors around the world. A lower debt burden would certainly help Japan deal with its economic slowdown.

In 2012, as the debt to GDP ratio skyrocketed, Greece s private creditors were given a significant 34 haircut. At the same time, however, new loans worth 63 of GDP were added to Greece s national debt.

If you deliberately aim to shrink your GDP, your debt to GDP ratio is bound to grow. The only way to cut your debt (other than by default) is to get your economy to grow.

The increase in exports of goods and services and the decline in debt service for developing countries as a group resulted in a significant decline in the debt service to exports ratio, from 17.2 per cent in 2003 to 12.5 per cent in 2004, marking the largest decline in this ratio in the last 20 years.

The recent equity market rally is largely divorced from fundamentals and is driven by speculative, debt financed purchases. The outlook for corporate profits remains weak the country s equity supply is growing and valuations are stretched.

If banks of all kinds were financed with more equity, they would have stronger buffers to absorb losses. Both the equity and the debt issued by well capitalized banks would be safer and therefore cheaper.

Even more fundamental arithmetic lies at the core of the debt quandary. The tax rate required to fund social welfare benefits depends on three factors the dependency ratio (the ratio of recipients to taxpayers) the replacement rate (the ratio of benefits to average wages) and the economic growth rate (roughly, productivity plus population growth).

Unsustainable private debt problems must be resolved by defaults, debt reductions, and conversion of debt into equity. If, instead, private debts are excessively socialized, the advanced economies will face a grim future serious sustainability problems with their public, private, and foreign debt, together with crippled prospects for economic growth.

China's household debt ratio is close to the United States. Is being unable to repay loan more frightening than being unable to afford a home?

The authors present a broad, detailed, and fair assessment of private equity the business of investing in established companies through debt financed purchases of controlling stakes. (By contrast, venture capitalists support start ups almost entirely through equity.)

In addition, given that local government debt comprises 27 of China s 2010 GDP, while central government debt and policy loans stand at 20 and 6 of GDP, respectively, the total public debt to GDP ratio is approximately 53 lower than Germany s. So, while China should not be complacent about local government debt, panic is unwarranted.

As a result of greatly expanded GDP in 2004, the public debt to GDP ratio declined slightly, to 180 per cent, but is still very high.