At multilateral level promote harmonization and equivalence.

Equivalence of acquisition financing devices to security rights

Functional equivalence (A CN.9 WG.I WP.38, paras.

How can the concept of technical equivalence be more effectively implemented?

a Includes post secondary studies not leading to university equivalence certificates.

But logically, the equivalence between these two concepts is not that straightforward.

The importance of mutual recognition and equivalence was referred to by many in this regard.

See Ken Commins (2004), Overview of current status of standards and conformity assessment systems in Harmonization and Equivalence in Organic Agriculture Volume 1, Background papers of the International Task Force on Harmonization and Equivalence in Organic Agriculture.

Special provisions were needed to establish functional equivalence between electronic communications and other types of documents.

Calculated as adults getting less than 2350 calories day or Rs. 748.56 adult equivalence per month.

Calculated as adults getting less than 2350 calories day or Rs. 748.56 adult equivalence per month.

This equivalence may not be established if extreme poverty can exist without a violation of human rights.

The core principles of UNCITRAL in the field of electronic commerce are technological neutrality and functional equivalence.

It will, however, be difficult to establish the equivalence between the lack of basic insecurity and human rights.

Moreover, it is a logical extension of the principle of technological neutrality and functional equivalence submitted by UNCITRAL.

Paragraph 3 (a) of article 9 lays down general criteria for functional equivalence between handwritten signatures and electronic signatures.

The figures for ODA are based on concessional transfers with grant equivalence of 25 per cent of nominal flows.

The equivalence of their university degrees is recognized only reluctantly and after long delays and attempts to blackmail them.

It is therefore appropriate to ensure equivalence, in terms of reliability, between messages exchanged in electronic form and paper documents.

The establishment of an obligation for service providers which technically is quite practicable would make it possible to retain functional equivalence.

A number of Parties addressed methodological issues relating to the basket approach including inventories, issues of equivalence between gases and GWPs.

(d) QUICK STEP verification of the equivalence of the inertial and gravitational mass (theory of relativity) with a relative precision of 10 17.

The Working Group had therefore taken the view that equivalence between handwritten and electronic signatures should be assured by a sufficiently reliable method.

The approach adopted consists in recognizing the functional equivalence between electronic and paper documents where guarantees for their storage and integrity are assured.

There is thus a need for and a general move in the direction of harmonization, equivalence and mutual recognition in the organic sector.

2. The principle of equivalence between operations for the export of oil and those for the import of humanitarian supplies should be applied.

In this regard, the Meeting of States Parties decided to maintain equivalence with the remuneration levels of judges of the International Court of Justice.

Draft article 9 on form requirements, for instance, laid down a number of essential conditions for functional equivalence between electronic communications and paper documents.

Els Wynen (2004), Impact of organic guarantee systems on production and trade in organic products , in Harmonization and Equivalence in Organic Agriculture Volume 1.

However, the Working Group had ultimately lowered its ambitions, merely seeking functional equivalence for electronic communications in the areas to which the draft convention applied.

Noting the close interaction between the topics of functional equivalence of all means of communication, and accessibility standards considered earlier in the session (see paras.

Nonetheless, the Working Group considered that the Guide to Enactment should describe the concepts, referring to functional equivalence provisions in the Model Law as necessary.

Compliance with the international standard could be used as the basis for determining equivalence, ideally at a multilateral level, as this greatly reduces transaction costs.

It's connected to, what I call, the principle of computational equivalence, which tells us that even incredibly simple systems can do computations as sophisticated as anything.

The Directive gives special legal status equivalence to a handwritten signature only to what it calls advanced electronic signatures', but it allows legal effect to others.

As to the second element, it was observed that the aim of the provision was to address all forms of communication, and to ensure their functional equivalence.

The Working Group agreed provisionally to delete paragraphs (1) bis and ter pending finalization of its deliberations on functional equivalence and the electronic submission of tenders, respectively.

Section IV highlights recent activities related to organic agriculture, including activities of the International Task Force on Harmonization and Equivalence in Organic Agriculture and TC CB activities.

The recent European Action Plan for Organic Food and Farming, which highlights the importance of harmonization and equivalence, is an important a step in the right direction.

The provisions envisaged are based largely on the UNCITRAL Model Law, which sets out to recognize the functional equivalence between electronic documents and various types of paper documents.

It was recommended that educational equivalence, harmonizing accreditation standards and mutual recognition of qualifications should be promoted, with the assistance of professional associations and regional and subregional groupings.

Applying the principle of functional equivalence to the electronic submission of tenders, electronic tenders require the same legal value as tenders submitted in writing, signed and in a sealed envelope.

As regards the use of electronic communications in the procurement process, the Working Group agreed to continue its consideration of new provisions to be incorporated in the Model Law, as a new article 4 bis. This article would promulgate the general principles of functional equivalence and technological neutrality to be observed in communicating during the procurement process, without stipulating the conditions for functional equivalence between electronic and written tenders.

But, in others, it is regarded as a minimum to which additional rules may be added. Such super equivalence or, more colloquially, gold plating creates inconsistencies across jurisdictions, thereby facilitating regulatory arbitrage.

An income tax hike will reduce private demand (unless one believes in perfect Ricardian equivalence), including demand for other countries exports. Other macroeconomic policies of all kinds influence the current account balance.