Both men appeared before the investigative judge on 2 October 1996.

However, the investigative judge reportedly said she did not wish him to do so.

He told the judge that access to a lawyer had been forbidden to him when he had been brought before the investigative judge.

Saban Beka stated that he had been questioned once after his investigation by the investigative judge.

Since any such further interrogations cannot take place without the prior permission of the investigative judge, the judge either failed to inform the defence lawyer in accordance with the legal procedures or else these interrogations were carried out in breach of the law, without the knowledge of the investigative judge.

The statement he had given to the investigative judge was also entirely false because he felt threatened.

The lawyer further complained that the investigative judge prevented him from discussing any case related matters with his clients.

On 2 November they were brought before an investigative judge on charges of terrorist activities , but without the presence of a lawyer.

32. Ljiburn Aliju said that he was beaten with batons over the course of three days before being brought before the investigative judge.

Article 74 (2) of the Code of Criminal Procedure permits the investigative judge to order that the accused may converse with defence counsel only in his (the investigative judge s) presence or in the presence of some particular official .

59. Basim Rama explained that he had been visited three times by police while in prison after the investigative judge had completed the investigation.

On 2 October 1996, 16 days after his arrest and after these injuries had become less visible, he was taken before the investigative judge.

The judge scrupulously summarized statements from the defendants for the record, including details given by 11 defendants alleging that they were tortured, ill treated or threatened into making confessions before the investigative judge and, sometimes, afterwards.

However, several defendants complained that when they were brought before the investigative judge they had no access to a lawyer to provide them with legal assistance.

Investigative activities

Investigative findings

The lawyer also claimed that the investigative judge was reluctant to enter Mr. Salahu apos s claims of torture into the 1 February 1997 record of examination.

However, State Security personnel took several accused persons for further investigation, without the knowledge of the lawyers concerned, after the investigative judge had completed the initial investigation.

One of those arrested was brought to the scene and questioned in the presence of reporters later, his arraignment before an investigative judge was broadcast on television.

Special investigative techniques

In some areas, the judicial officers have the additional role of Préfet de Police and, thus, one person carries out the three functions of prosecutor, investigative judge and jury.

On 14 February 1997 the investigative judge of the District Court in Pristina, Ms. Danica Marinkovic, made the following ruling applicable to all indicted persons and their defence lawyers.

He saw that the same policemen, who had threatened and tortured him for three days previously, telling him what to say before the investigative judge, were standing outside the courtroom where he could see them when he made his statement to the judge.

Evidence gathering investigative tools

(d) New investigative techniques

(b) New investigative techniques

First, several lawyers met their clients for the first time after the investigative judge had already concluded the crucial stage of investigation, the results of which the prosecution relied upon.

Enver Dugoli alleged that his lawyer, the investigative judge and prison officials could see, when he was brought before them, the injuries on his face and hands resulting from beatings.

39. For example, after the investigative judge had completed the interrogation of Gani Baljija, he was reportedly taken back nine times to the Kosovska Mitrovica security police for further interrogation.

52. The investigative judge interrogated Avni Nura and Idriz Aslani twice, on 2 and 7 October, without a lawyer even though, according to their lawyer, they had asked for legal assistance.

D. Secretary General s Investigative Team

As a result, lawyers are in practice often not granted access to their clients until three days after their arrest, that is to say when they are brought before the investigative judge.

In fact most allegations of torture and ill treatment concern that three day period preceding the defendants appearance before the investigative judge, when they are interrogated and denied access to a lawyer.

The lawyer of Duljah Salahu claims that he saw bruises on the face of his client and wanted to draw the attention of the investigative judge to other injuries on his client s body.

D. Investigative activity . 116 122 30

Garry Trudeau calls himself an investigative cartoonist.

Investigative and administrative support is also needed.

Investigative and Study Initiatives by the Government

Investigative techniques have been applied in investigations.

However, when the lawyer showed the written authorization from the authorities, the guard reportedly informed the lawyer that he had received instructions from the investigative judge that any discussion between lawyer and client was forbidden.

In the Investigative Unit in Nairobi, the Office is proposing 4 Investigators (P 3) and one Investigative Assistant (General Service (Local level)).

In the Investigative Unit in Vienna, the Office is proposing 4 Investigators (P 3) and one Investigative Assistant (General Service (Other level)).

In Discover Magazine, I'm an investigative puzzle maker.

And you have to do that investigative work.

The Parliamentary Investigative Committee on Trafficking of Women