Stem cell derived retinal transplants, now in a research phase, may one day restore vision, or part vision, to millions of patients with retinal diseases worldwide.

And yet it's only the retinal information that we get.

And that skin pigmentation itself was a product of evolution.

Completely different meanings, giving rise to the exact same retinal information.

This had tremendous consequences for the evolution of human skin pigmentation.

And then the transducer then makes the output cells send the code on up to the brain, and the result is a retinal prosthetic that can produce normal retinal output.

I want to tell you about red pigmentation the basis of plant life.

Now what is wonderful about the evolution of human skin pigmentation, and the phenomenon of pigmentation, is that it is the demonstration, the evidence, of evolution by natural selection, right on your body.

This has tremendous implications for our understanding of the evolution of human skin pigmentation.

And yet he rejected the idea that human skin pigmentation was related to the climate.

So what it's doing is, it's replacing the retinal circuitry, really the guts of the retinal circuitry, with a set of equations, a set of equations that we can implement on a chip. So it's just math.

This experience taught me to empathize more with my patients, and especially those with retinal diseases.

So lets all wish for his great health, and his awareness of his own skin pigmentation.

But we need to think about how he compares, in terms of his pigmentation, to other people on Earth.

He, as one of many urban admixed populations, is very emblematic of a mixed parentage, of a mixed pigmentation.

And he resembles, very closely, people with moderate levels of pigmentation who live in southern Africa, or Southeast Asia.

So we have, in skin pigmentation, one of these wonderful products of evolution that still has consequences for us today.

Heart disease, stroke, diabetes, spinal cord injury, muscular dystrophy, retinal eye diseases are any of these conditions relevant, personally, to you?

We kind of changed the simple digital camera into a retinal camera, and then every patient gets their teleconsultation with a doctor.

What's significant to the story of human skin pigmentation is just how much of the Northern Hemisphere is in these cool gray zones.

Because what happened, in order to ensure health and well being, these lineages of people dispersing into the Northern Hemisphere lost their pigmentation.

Darwin, I think, would have appreciated this, even though he eschewed the importance of climate on the evolution of pigmentation during his own life.

And what Darwin could not appreciate, or didn't perhaps want to appreciate at the time, is that there was a fundamental relationship between the intensity of ultraviolet radiation and skin pigmentation.

Then what happens is the retinal circuitry, the middle part, goes to work on it, and what it does is it performs operations on it, it extracts information from it, and it converts that information into a code.

So what happens when a person gets a retinal degenerative disease like macular degeneration? What happens is is that, the front end cells die, the photoreceptors die, and over time, all the cells and the circuits that are connected to them, they die too.

And patients with end stage Parkinson s disease can be treated with deep brain stimulation (DBS). Current experiments on neural prosthetics point to the enormous future potential of similar interventions, whether retinal or brain stem implants for the blind or brain recording devices for controlling prostheses.

A small number of babies who collapse and die unexpectedly in their first year are found to have one or more of the following three symptoms in common bleeding just outside the brain (subdural hemorrhage) bleeding at the back of the eye (retinal hemorrhage) and brain swelling.

While scientific evidence over the last three decades has undermined the shaken baby hypothesis, no new evidence has emerged to support it. Instead, several researchers have relied upon the data in older studies to calculate the statistical probability of inflicted brain injury when certain features (such as intracranial hemorrhage, retinal hemorrhage, brain swelling, and seizures) are present.

4.4 The State party contends that the author filed six different applications for review with the domestic courts and that all of these rejected her arguments. The High Court dismissed an application for reconsideration submitted by the author and concluded that if the fact of the injury was not itself proved, at least in relation to the work performed, it was impossible to classify the retinal detachment as an occupational accident.