Chromosome one, top left.

So this is a single chromosome.

The chromosome is literally blown apart.

This huge package of DNA is called a chromosome.

And you have two strands of DNA in each chromosome.

But what's even more amazing is that if you look at the Y chromosome side, the male side of the story, the Y chromosome Adam only lived around 60,000 years ago.

When the cell feels it's ready to go, it rips apart the chromosome.

But for a son, he can only get the X chromosome from his mother.

It's able to feel when the cell is ready, when the chromosome is correctly positioned.

Carole Lartigue led the effort to actually transplant a bacterial chromosome from one bacteria to another.

And Dan led the team for the synthesis of this over one million base pair chromosome.

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Because of the problems with Mycoplasma genitalium and its slow growth about a year and a half ago, we decided to synthesize the much larger chromosome, the mycoides chromosome, knowing that we had the biology worked out on that for transplantation.

This was an African man who gave rise to all the Y chromosome diversity around the world.

That is, of course, sex. Great sex.

It's on the X chromosome. And so in this way you can only get it from your mother.

The Y chromosome, the piece of DNA that makes men men, traces a purely paternal line of descent.

We start with these fragments, and then we have a homologous recombination system that reassembles those into a chromosome.

Sex!

Sex.

And what you can do now is, you can outlay exactly what your chromosome is, and what the gene code on that chromosome is right here, and what those genes code for, and what animals they code against, and then you can tie it to the literature.

And the first chromosome we built in 2008 the 500,000 base pair one we simply assigned the names of the authors of the chromosome into the genetic code, but it was using just amino acid single letter translations, which leaves out certain letters of the alphabet.

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And if we isolate just one chromosome, we're going to pull it out and have a look at its structure.

So what we found is if we took the chromosome out of yeast and methylated it, we could then transplant it.

Have sex.

Sex workers

By sex.

Sex female

No sex.

And sex?

Mention sex

Sex. There's an awful lot of fast sex around, isn't there?

We're here today to announce the first synthetic cell, a cell made by starting with the digital code in the computer, building the chromosome from four bottles of chemicals, assembling that chromosome in yeast, transplanting it into a recipient bacterial cell and transforming that cell into a new bacterial species.

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High rates of extramarital sex were noted, mainly with commercial sex workers.

WORKING POPULATION 1 BY SEX AND INCOME LEVEL SEX AND INCOME LEVEL

So we took the same mycoides genome that Carole had initially transplanted, and we grew that in yeast as an artificial chromosome.

Women have two copies of that big X chromosome men have the X and, of course, that small copy of the Y.

Have sex again.

Or take sex.

Same Sex Couples

Sex Discrimination Ordinance

Sex disaggregated statistics

Area and sex