It takes about an hour and a half to two hours, depending on where it's done, under general anesthesia.

This was done under local anesthesia, as an outpatient.

Well we have a whole O.R. team, general anesthesia, nurses, and another doctor across from me.

But what is exactly that stuff that we lose under anesthesia, or when we are in deep, dreamless sleep?

Erica Frenkel The universal anesthesia machine

Until anesthesia, the absence of sensation.

Anesthesia gave surgeons the freedom to operate.

And we could take a very simple view and say, well, it is that which we lose when we fall into deep sleep without dreams, or when we go under anesthesia, and it is what we regain when we recover from sleep or from anesthesia.

In this hospital, there is one person qualified to deliver anesthesia, and she's qualified because she has 12, maybe 18 months of training in anesthesia.

The second time was a procedure that involved local anesthesia.

In the background there is a very sophisticated anesthesia machine.

35 million surgeries are attempted every year without safe anesthesia.

It's just a reality of anesthesia. The lungs can be paralyzed.

They have a really cool anesthesia simulation lab out in Baltimore.

Hopefully you can appreciate the device there curving through the patient's body and removing the patient's bone marrow, instead of with 200 punctures, with just a single puncture under local anesthesia.

So I've talked a lot about anesthesia, and I tend to do that.

It's practiced, it's no anesthesia, it's a rusty old knife, and it was difficult.

And I had to go and ride in the rodeo that night, so I didn't want them to put me under anesthesia, or whatever you call it. And so they sewed my face up.

Anesthesia gave them the freedom to experiment, to start to delve deeper into the body.

I got him to come with me anesthesia tech come with me from the U.K.

What if you're in surgery and the power goes out? No lights, no oxygen and your anesthesia stops flowing. It happens constantly in hospitals throughout the world, turning routine procedures into tragedies. Erica Frenkel demos one solution the universal anesthesia machine.

And actually, it's the model that we expect to work for delivering anesthesia in these environments.

I'm a senior resident in anesthesia in intensive care at the University Hospital of the West Indies.

And, so, very quickly, Bob can just get one puncture, local anesthesia, and do this harvest as an outpatient.

Under Secretary General

I came to the Heart Institute in 2006, as part of my elective in my anesthesia and intensive care program.

Essentially, to deliver anesthesia, you want as pure oxygen as possible, because eventually you're going to dilute it essentially with the gas.

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We had the pause points immediately before anesthesia is given, immediately before the knife hits the skin, immediately before the patient leaves the room.

Because we were in the age before anesthesia, the agony of the patient is really as much of the public spectacle as the surgery itself.

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