Antibiotic sensitivity was going down.

This one is an antibiotic.

And your antibiotic goes smaller and clearer.

You've got a lot of pressure favoring antibiotic resistance, so you get increased virulence leading to the evolution of increased antibiotic resistance.

And in Chile, you still had antibiotic sensitivity.

But what about when a population is already ill? In 1996, during a major meningitis epidemic in northern Nigeria, the drug company Pfizer supplied doctors with the oral antibiotic Trovan, which was being tested against another drug, ceftriaxone.

Switch antibiotics so they switched to another antibiotic, Tamiflu.

And once you get increased antibiotic resistance, the antibiotics aren't knocking out the harmful strains anymore.

They got the organism to evolve to mildness, and they got no development of antibiotic resistance.

At the same time, governments will have to implement policies aimed at guiding investment toward specific diseases. For example, increased NIH funding, extended market exclusivity, and relaxed regulatory hurdles in the US resulted in a renaissance in antibiotic drug development.

Some of these infections are actually carrying antibiotic resistance genes now, and that makes them even more difficult.

Did Chile avoid the problem of antibiotic resistance, whereas did Ecuador actually have the beginnings of the problem?

During a major meningitis epidemic in northern Nigeria in 1996, the drug company Pfizer supplied doctors with the oral antibiotic Trovan, which the firm wanted to test against the most effective known drug, Ceftriaxone, as a control. This procedure is consistent with the general consensus in research ethics that the control group must receive the best known treatment for comparison.

In this case, on the Y axis, we've just got a measure of antibiotic sensitivity and I won't go into that.

But we've got a lot of variation in antibiotic sensitivity in Chile, Peru and Ecuador, and no trend across the years.

The worst possibility is that a very simple germ, like staph, for which we have one antibiotic that still works, mutates.

Compare this with antibiotic treatment of, say, a urogenital infection, which lasts a few weeks at most. As a result, compliance with TB drug treatment is particularly weak, paving the way for the emergence of multidrug resistant (MDR) TB, which can no longer be treated by conventional therapeutic regimes.

Likewise, if you have the artificial valve option, you're committed to antibiotic therapy whenever you have any intrusive medical treatment at all.

If you could cause an evolutionary decrease in virulence by cleaning up the water supply, you should be able to get an evolutionary decrease in antibiotic resistance.

of drug abuse by drug type

OK. So, the patient was treated then with a third generation cephalosporin antibiotic and doxycycline, and on day three, it didn't help she had progressed to acute failure.

I've just been given a drug... drug of some sort.

But there's another really interesting aspect of this, and this is that if you could control the evolution of virulence, evolution of harmfulness, then you should be able to control antibiotic resistance.

Drug addiction

Drug issues

A. Prevalence of drug abuse by drug type 2 17 4

Demand reduction is now considered to be as important a deterrent to drug abuse as reducing illicit drug crop cultivation and illicit drug manufacture, or combating illicit drug trafficking.

The Ministerial Committee on Drug Abuse and Drug Control was the principal body for coordinating national and international anti drug activities.

International drug control

International drug control.

International drug control

Intravenous drug users

Drug demand reduction

Drug demand reduction

International drug control

Female drug addicts

International drug control.

Drug abuse treatment

International drug control

Family drug behaviour

5. Drug testing

International drug control

Drug control law

Illicit drug trafficking

AGAINST DRUG ABUSE