External debt and debt servicing costs had also risen.

UNFPA is developing a debt collection policy and will ensure that it is communicated to staff and put into practice during 2005.

In its 2004 report, the Board noted that UNHCR did not monitor the costs of its registration and statistic collection activities.

(f) Acknowledging that performance management incurs costs, appropriate funds will be allocated for training, data collection, recording and related information systems

In its 2004 report, the Board noted that UNHCR did not monitor the costs of its registration and statistic collection activities.

(d) Substantial reduction of existing interest rates and of the costs and commissions paid in debt renegotiation

d Comprises absorption of UNITAR debt of 283,215 and write off of UNITAR operating costs of 94,382.

debt service coverage reduces the financial risk to investors and translates into lower borrowing costs for the borrower.

There should be wider use and development of existing mechanisms to reduce external debt and its servicing costs.

But hints of new fiscal imprudence or of backsliding on long term debt consolidation and reduction can drive up borrowing costs dramatically. In these circumstances, the additional costs of debt service easily outweigh any gains that might come from some measure of fiscal relaxation.

UNFPA is in the process of developing a debt collection policy and will ensure that it is disseminated and put into practice during 2005.

The Regional Bureau for Africa of UNDP, in collaboration with UNCTAD s Debt Management and Financial Analysis Section, has focused on improving collection, compilation, recording and reporting of debt data, installation and operation of software packages, training of national staff, and reinforcing of institutional capacity for debt management.

The debt ceiling absolutists grossly underestimate the massive adjustment costs of a self imposed sudden stop in debt finance. Such costs are precisely why impecunious countries such as Greece face massive social and economic displacement when financial markets lose confidence and capital flows suddenly dry up.

Several participants stressed that it was the private citizens of a country who bore the real costs of debt service and that they should therefore be the major beneficiaries of debt forgiveness.

These budgetary costs (exclusive of interest) amount to 652 billion in our conservative estimate and 799 billion in our moderate estimate. Arguably, since the government has not reined in other expenditures or increased taxes, the expenditures have been debt financed, and the interest costs on this debt add another 98 billion (conservative) to 385 billion (moderate) to the budgetary costs.

These costs might result, for example, from debt relief for countries which may enter the HIPC process or for protracted arrears.

New international pacts and alliances were necessary so that costs of housing and sanitation would not be included in foreign debt.

As repeated reschedulings involve costs for the debtor countries and contribute to further accumulation of debt, the concept of reduction of the stock of debt (instead of the flows of debt service) was introduced by the Paris Club in 1994 and allowed for an exit from a repeated cycle of debt reschedulings.

Stock exchanges are another source, as are tax collection foreign direct investment debt forgiveness, which also releases some money long term bonds borrowing and finally, pension funds.

The costs of upkeep of a hard copy collection of treaty body documents is considerable and there are only a handful of libraries around the world which devote the resources necessary for the maintenance of an accessible and functional collection of such documentation.

Currency devaluation policies to promote exports increased the costs of imported goods and made it increasingly difficult to service debt in dollars.

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In addition, if donor flows have to be sterilized in order to meet monetary policy targets, this may create additional debt servicing costs.

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