Although there are detailed requirements concerning environmental policies, programmes, management systems and environmental auditing, the specific environmental criteria to be fulfilled depend on the regulatory requirements relevant to the site or country and the company apos s environmental policy and targets.

Promote cooperation in addressing environmental requirements affecting the exports of developing countries including through support to UNCTAD's Consultative Task Force on Environmental Requirements and Market Access for Developing Countries.

UN Habitat has also produced guidelines in respect of environmental assessment requirements.

79. The lower requirements for environmental clean up are attributable to two facts.

Labelling requirements often had exacting disclosure requirements, and many importing countries were restricting the use of certain packaging materials for environmental reasons.

315. Tunisia has implemented an environmental hygiene strategy based on the following four requirements

(c) Assisting member and associate member States in the regular monitoring of environmental trends, the implementation of global environmental agreements and any reporting requirements

An effective EMS assists an organization in formulating an environmental policy and objectives, taking into account legislative requirements and information about significant environmental aspects.

Both product and process related health and environmental requirements play a role in this sector.

Requirements for environmental clean up for the 12 month period were estimated at 3 million.

(e) Environmental monitoring, including air water pollution monitoring preparation of environmental impact assessments (EIA) epidemiological studies (breeding grounds of disease bearing insects) and monitoring of mining environments related to requirements of environmental clearance certificates (ECC)

(4) having a mining design which meets the requirements of safety in coal mine production and of environmental protection

The savings were primarily due to lower requirements for environmental clean up and settlement of third party liability claims.

Environmental Requirements and Market Access for Developing Countries , Note by the UNCTAD secretariat. TD (XI) BP 1, 20 April 2004

In addition to that, a number of other requirements may be contained in legislation such as labour or environmental law.

Environmental costs comprise the costs of steps taken, or required to be taken, to manage the environmental impacts of an enterprise s activity in an environmentally responsible manner, as well as other costs driven by the environmental objectives and requirements of the enterprise.

The establishment and maintenance of an effective EMS enables an organization to anticipate and meet growing environmental performance expectations, to ensure ongoing compliance with national and or international environmental requirements and to support the continual improvement of its environmental performance. UNIDO, op. cit., page 12.

In this regard, UNCTAD's new Consultative Task Force on Environmental Requirements and Market Access for Developing Countries could play a useful role.

(b) What are the best ways to ensure exporters understanding of, and compliance with, quality, health and environmental requirements in importing markets?

The UNDP requirements are also applied in the case of the Industrial Development Fund, trust funds, Montreal Protocol and the Global Environmental Facility.

Furthermore, developing countries data requirements for economic, social and environmental policy management, including monitoring and implementation of national and regional programmes, as well as requirements emanating from the recently held United Nations global conferences, are exceptionally high.

What practical steps have developed countries taken or can they take to include developing country trade partners in consultations during the development of environmental requirements?

In practice, they may request their suppliers (a) to comply with specific environmental requirements (b) to have an EMS (c) to have a certified EMS.

For example SMEs in specific sectors and geographical areas could cooperate in identifying the environmental aspects and impacts of their activities and information on legal requirements.

These will include considerations in the field of environmental requirements and market access for developing countries, trade liberalization in environmental goods and services, the promotion of production and use of renewable energy, and the protection, preservation and sustainable use of traditional knowledge.

Health, veterinary and environmental requirements must be complied with and accepted Libyan or international standard conditions and specifications regarding the quality of the goods must be met

UNCTAD convened an Expert Meeting on Environmental Requirements and International Trade in October 2002, and the meeting's outcome was considered by the Trade Commission in February 2003.

In the absence of requirements to internalize its external environmental and social costs, private motoring is likely to continue to grow at the expense of public transport.

(b) Assessing the current and future availability, accessibility, potential, costs, environmental impacts and implementation requirements of technologies for climate change adaptation, as well as opportunities for innovation

(d) How can appropriate local technologies be developed that meet the quality, health and environmental requirements in importing markets, or is it preferable to transfer existing technologies?

There are three areas where transfer and effective use of environmentally sound technologies (ESTs) could be of particular importance over the next few years addressing domestic environmental problems such as urban pollution enhancing energy and material efficiency and complying with environmental requirements in export markets.

He noted that the system was almost 60 years old and that the Guam Waterworks Authority needed to borrow 200 million just to meet federal Environmental Protection Agency requirements.

Other bureaucratic decision makers, for their part, are increasingly constrained by requirements of transparency and disclosure. Internet based movements are forcing Chinese policymakers to strengthen labor and environmental standards.

The focus of current work is the Consultative Task Force on Environmental Requirements and Market Access for Developing Countries (CTF), which was launched in June 2004 (see box 1).

This section also pays special attention to the Consultative Task Force on Environmental Requirements and Market Access for Developing Countries (CTF), a key new project based activity launched in 2004.

27. There was a marked tendency to impose complex environmental requirements as a condition for trade with least developed countries, even though those countries share in global trade was insignificant.

However, unless ISO 14001 is explicitly required, the costs of setting up an ISO 14001 EMS should be compared to those of compliance with specific environmental requirements of overseas customers.

Environmental management This consists of environmental modification, environmental manipulation and measures to reduce human vector contact.

Environmental

The first is a lack of supply capacities to produce competitive products that meet the technical and regulatory requirements relating to health, safety and environmental issues set by the importing markets.

This may in some cases lead to input substitution, or placing special environmental requirements on developing country producers, which may ultimately result in the adoption of an EMS by those producers.

C. Environmental management standards as a tool of environmental policy

This geographical imbalance requires an ordered system of trade, clear regulations, and a well structured global market. Today, however, opaque bilateral agreements abound, and very different environmental requirements and contradictory subsidies coexist.

As in other sectors, awareness on environmental and health related requirements in export markets is highest among large companies (i.e. subsidiaries of big international companies and contract manufacturers) and lowest among SMEs.

These strategies should be anchored in 10 year horizons and a comprehensive assessment of each country's unique requirements in the areas of human capital formation, infrastructure, environmental management and private sector development.