The result is that free markets don t generate enough final demand. In the US, for example, slashing labor costs has sharply reduced the share of labor income in GDP.

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But the opposite of the excessive consumption model excessive reliance on investment to generate aggregate demand is also a self limiting growth pattern. When the private and social returns of investment diminish too much, growth cannot be sustained indefinitely, even though rising investment rates can sustain aggregate demand for a while.

Strong exports and decent government policies have enabled some countries to generate growth without the reforms that can create the right incentives for investment. These countries are overly dependent on demand elsewhere, which in turn is unsustainable.

But now growth rates for Chinese exports and related indices in manufacturing have fallen, largely owing to weak external demand, especially in Europe. And the Chinese authorities are now scaling back the other major driver of their country s growth, public sector investment, as low return projects seem to generate aggregate demand but prove unsustainable fairly quickly.

But controlling supply is not enough. If all of Colombia s farmers stopped growing coca tomorrow, unrestrained demand by the world s 13 million cocaine users would quickly generate as much cultivation somewhere else.

We must generate an environment for literacy, for education of girls and women.

The major emerging economies were the world s main growth engines following the eruption of the financial crisis in 2008, and, to some extent, they still are. But their resilience has always been a function of their ability to generate enough incremental aggregate demand to support their growth, without having to make up for a large loss of demand in developed countries.

Oil exploration and extraction usually generate important royalties for central Governments.

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The US is adjusting structurally and generating real (inflation adjusted) GDP growth (though well below its potential annual rate of 3 3.5 ). The tradable sector is expanding and is not dependent on leverage to generate aggregate demand.

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Public and private investment which has served as a key driver of China s growth over the last four decades can play a central role in expanding domestic demand, but only if returns are high. While low return investments generate aggregate demand, they do not increase future income or productive potential, and thus do not foster sustainable growth.

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Developing countries, once they enter rapid growth mode, generate growth from capital deepening via investment, in a sense making up for past underinvestment. And it is possible for advanced countries to fall behind by under investing, particularly in the public sector, relying instead on less sustainable debt fueled means of generating demand.

Thus, it diminishes the capacity of developing countries to generate financial flows for development.

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If a trilateral Northeast Asian FTA can be concluded, the three countries would be able to generate more market demand domestically at a time of weak demand from the West, and would gain greater influence in the global political economy. A trilateral FTA would also most likely contribute to stabilizing the three countries troublesome political relations with each other, and could provide a better environment for North Korea s eventual economic reconstruction.

Strengthened and improved mechanisms for stimulating demand for education.

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They can generate income from this.

An electric current can generate magnetism.

I demand an explanation for this mistake.

Reducing demand for trafficked women and girls

(c) To generate support from Member States for UNIDO activities through direct communication and dialogue

A normal gap between supply and demand for some subset of currently produced commodities is not a serious problem, because it is balanced by excess demand for other currently produced commodities. As industries suffering from insufficient demand shed workers, industries benefiting from surplus demand hire them.

We generate quite a lot of waste.

This in turn would generate employment opportunities.

(a) Can South South cooperation generate income and employment opportunities for the rural and urban poor?

Some generate amazing economic, social, and environmental benefits per dollar spent. Many others generate only slightly more than a dollar per dollar spent.

Similarly, the potential for union led bargaining to redistribute income presupposes non competitive corporate practices, which in turn generate abnormal profits that can be bargained away by unions. But globalization and technological progress, by making it easier to match supply and demand, will make such monopolistic behavior harder to maintain in the future.

The establishment of a global taxation system, for example, could make it possible to generate additional funds for development financing.

Activate rural consumption, guide the demand for healthy consumption.

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In fact, demand for clean energy was exploding worldwide.

There is an urgent demand for justice in Haiti.

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Unsustainable development patterns can generate new disaster risks.

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