Their exports today face a variety of barriers in their major markets, including non tariff trade barriers and other non tariff measures.

CATEGORIES USED IN THE WTO's MOST RECENT INVENTORY OF NON TARIFF MEASURES

Non Tariff Barriers

Negotiating Group on Market Access, Overview of Proposals Submitted, Non Tariff Measures , WTO doc. TN MA 9 Rev.1, 29 October 2004.

and Development Impacts of Non Tariff Barriers

However, for them to take full advantage of such initiatives, enhanced market access for LDC exports should entail not only tariff reductions but also more flexibility regarding both non tariff measures and rules of origin.

In addition, since non tariff measures can act as important market entry barriers to developing country exports, the Commission may wish to consider how to take forward international policy dialogue, research and analysis and disciplining of non tariff barriers that affect developing countries' exports.

Others stressed that the Doha Round should facilitate market access through appropriate tariff measures, scaling back of non tariff barriers, and agreement on rules of origin that are more cognizant of the conditions of these countries.

Improving market access involved not only tariff reduction but also relaxation of non tariff barriers and rules of origin.

However, more work is needed to find or create the appropriate tariff headings and to address non tariff barriers.

OECD, P. Walkenhorst and B. Fliess, Non Tariff Measures Affecting EU Exports Evidence from a Complaints Inventory, Economics Department Working Papers No. 373, OECD, Paris, 2003.

Methodologies, Classifications, Quantification and Development Impacts of Non Tariff Barriers

There is a wide range of non tariff barriers (NTBs).

The Doha Ministerial Declaration (DMD) called for the reduction or, as appropriate, elimination of tariff and non tariff barriers to EGS.

Methodologies, classifications, quantification and development impacts of non tariff barriers (NTBs)

Categories used in the WTO's most recent inventory of non tariff

We call for better access to markets, in particular preferential markets with lowered tariff and non tariff barriers to trade with industrialized countries.

B. Bora, A. Kuwahara and S. Laird, Quantification of Non Tariff Measures , Policy Issues in International Trade and Commodities Study Series No. 18, UNCTAD, New York and Geneva, 2002.

NTBs are broadly classified into six chapters, from 3 to 8 (chapters 1 and 2 are reserved for tariff and para tariff measures respectively), according to the intent or immediate impact of the measures

Nevertheless, scope remains for the liberalization and rationalization of tariffs in non agricultural goods, particularly for the removal of tariff bias, tariff escalation and tariff peaks affecting developing country exports in their major markets.

6. Urges States to eliminate barriers to trade, including tariff peaks, high tariffs and non tariff barriers and measures which are not consistent with their obligations under the World Trade Organization agreements, taking into account the importance of the trade of fisheries products, particularly for developing countries

Urges States to eliminate barriers to trade, including tariff peaks, high tariffs and non tariff barriers and measures which are not consistent with their obligations under the World Trade Organization agreements, taking into account the importance of the trade of fisheries products, particularly for developing countries

Item 3. Methodologies, classifications, quantification and development impacts of non tariff barriers (NTBs)

American Electronics Association, AeA Issue Paper on Non Tariff Barriers (NTBs) , January 2003.

The agricultural sector is protected through high tariffs, tariff picks, tariff escalation and non tariff barriers in many developed countries, and market access is often denied to products from developing countries, including landlocked developing countries.

In this regard it is urgent to eliminate high tariffs, tariff picks, tariff escalation, non tariff barriers, export subsidies and to substantially reduce trade distorting domestic support for protecting the agricultural sector of developed countries.

(j) In accordance with paragraph 16 of the Doha Ministerial Declaration, on market access for non agricultural products, reduction or elimination of high tariffs, tariff peaks and tariff escalation, as well as non tariff barriers, on those products, in particular on products of export interest to developing countries

Finally, subparagraph 31(iii) of the Doha Ministerial Declaration deals with the reduction or, as appropriate, elimination of tariff and non tariff barriers to environmental goods and services.

These opportunities also include some specific export subsidies, non actionable subsidies and certain tariff increases.

Demonstrated conformity to those standards and norms can offer enhanced market access, while non compliance can pose an effective non tariff barrier.

Furthermore, findings from a set of 23 survey based OECD studies or reports, based mostly on the UNCTAD TRAINS methodology for NTBs, revealed over 1,700 business complaints about non tariff measures in goods sectors.

With the reduction in tariffs, non tariff barriers are increasingly becoming front stage market access concerns.

With the reduction in tariffs, non tariff barriers are increasingly becoming front stage market access concerns.

Countries of every sort will face requests to do their part to overcome hurdles to a new global trade accord. Tariff and non tariff barriers will need to come down.

(b) The elimination of trade distorting policies, protectionist practices and non tariff barriers in international trade relations

Tariff and non tariff barriers to imports and exports imposed on a (developing) country may also encourage its TNCs to invest in other countries as a means of obtaining or delivering goods.

V. and R. M. Stern 1997, Measurement of Non Tariff Barriers , OECD Economics Department Working Paper No.179.

V. and R. M. Stern 1997, Measurement of Non Tariff Barriers , OECD Economics Department Working Paper No.179.

An increasing number of developing countries have requested assistance, particularly in developing lists of EGs and identifying tariff and non tariff barriers affecting trade in these goods, as well as considering possible negotiating modalities.

Kee H.L., A. Nicita and M. Olarreaga, Ad Valorem Equivalents of Non Tariff Barriers , unpublished manuscript, World Bank, 2004.

OECD, Overview of Non Tariff Barriers Findings from Existing Business Surveys , TD TC WP(2002)38 FINAL, Paris, 2003.

In spite of the trend towards liberalization, however, the motivation to circumvent tariff and non tariff barriers to imports and exports is still present, especially in those host economies that remain relatively closed and regulated.

The decisions relating to the improvements in market access for non agricultural products adopted at the Doha Ministerial Conference, inter alia, state that the negotiations in this area shall aim to reduce and, as appropriate, to eliminate tariffs, including through the reduction or elimination of tariff peaks, high tariffs, tariff escalation, and non tariff barriers, in particular those relating to products of export interest to developing countries.

The current trend is quite evident companies world wide are facing a growing number of non tariff barriers to exports.

A number of other areas of WTO work are relevant to the distribution sector, namely trade facilitation, SPS measures, TBT, non tariff barriers, subsidies and tariffs, all of which give rise to complex questions and the need for further analysis.