And we approach this problem by considering another curious syndrome called phantom limb.

The phantom limb they'll say, But doctor, the phantom limb is paralyzed.

You've heard of phantom limb pain?

Now, why would a phantom limb be paralyzed?

And you all know what a phantom limb is.

Now, why do you get a paralyzed phantom limb?

So, you have a patient with a phantom limb. If the arm has been removed and you have a phantom, and you watch somebody else being touched, you feel it in your phantom.

Now the astonishing thing is, if you have pain in your phantom limb, you squeeze the other person's hand, massage the other person's hand, that relieves the pain in your phantom hand, almost as though the neuron were obtaining relief from merely watching somebody else being massaged.

So, I said, OK, this proves my theory about learned paralysis and the critical role of visual input, but I'm not going to get a Nobel Prize for getting somebody to move his phantom limb.

Maybe you can relieve the phantom pain, the phantom cramp.

A Phantom Recovery?

He said, No, last three days, I've not had a phantom arm and therefore no phantom elbow pain, no clenching, no phantom forearm pain, all those pains are gone away.

The first example is an extraordinary syndrome called Capgras syndrome.

It was a paralyzed phantom arm.

The Phantom Middle East Peace Process

Could you regenerate a limb?

One of the things we've found was, about half the patients with phantom limbs claim that they can move the phantom.

A mammalian fetus, if it loses a limb during the first trimester of pregnancy, will re grow that limb.

You see the phantom within the aquarium.

Charles Limb Building the musical muscle

Charles Limb Your brain on improv

The FIFA Syndrome

China s Victimization Syndrome

The Detroit Syndrome

Putin s Brezhnev Syndrome

The California Syndrome

The Fukushima Syndrome

The Intervention Syndrome

The Tabloid Syndrome

I've had patients with the uterus removed hysterectomy who have a phantom uterus, including phantom menstrual cramps at the appropriate time of the month.

She did Cats and Phantom of the Opera.

The Stall Speed Syndrome

The Great Man Syndrome

Now, I said, Move your normal hand and phantom.

What's beautiful is, you can probably see on the limb there some faint, sort of, wisps of almost smoke rising up from the limb.

... above the limb, yes, it would be difficult ...

This is a newt re growing its limb.

You have Charles Bonnet syndrome.

Shaking Up Shaken Baby Syndrome

It's getting messages from vision saying the phantom is back.

And I hold in my hand a tissue mimicking phantom.

Unfortunately, we don't do great with upper limb prosthetics.

This is actually a limb injury in this salamander.

And that scar actually grows out a new limb.

He's got a small residual limb on one side.