Norse

It's based on Norse legend.

We call this 'proto writing.'

In the case of Norse Greenland, the hostiles were the Inuit the Eskimos sharing Greenland with whom the Norse got off to bad relationships. And we know that the Inuit killed the Norse and, probably of greater importance, may have blocked access to the outer fjords, on which the Norse depended for seals at a critical time of the year.

If you think about it, Shakerism was a proto environmental movement.

It was sold to proto feminist housewives as a way to cut down on housework.

It was sold to proto feminist housewives as a way to cut down on housework.

Now there are three levels of self to consider the proto, the core and the autobiographical.

Stretching over a million years, the hand axe tradition is the longest artistic tradition in human and proto human history.

They also serve as proto democratic institutions, providing direct channels for businesses, labour, consumers and academia to the seat of power.

And he viewed proto shamanism as a kind of original attempt, through ritual, to rekindle a connection that had been irrevocably lost.

Politically, these councils serve as proto democratic institutions, providing direct channels for big business, labour and academia to the seat of power.

And that's why the Ottoman Empire in its last decades turned into a proto democracy, a constitutional monarchy, and freedom was a very important political value at the time.

A thousand years ago, the Norse settlers of my home city of York ate cod that weighed as much as eight kilograms. We know this from archaeologists and the fascination they have for medieval waste heaps.

These data will make it possible to determine the thermal history and evolution, bombardment and tectonics, and to get some insight into the internal structure and core size of the two proto planets.

In analyzing societal collapses, I've arrived at a five point framework a checklist of things that I go through to try and understand collapses. And I'll illustrate that five point framework by the extinction of the Greenland Norse society.

Why do societies fail? With lessons from the Norse of Iron Age Greenland, deforested Easter Island and present day Montana, Jared Diamond talks about the signs that collapse is near, and how if we see it in time we can prevent it.

Frequent and direct security coordination, in addition to the implementation of confidence building measures, would assist President Abbas in his efforts to establish control and exercise the effective monopoly on the use of force that is a chief characteristic of State and proto State authorities.

The US has withdrawn from Afghanistan and Iraq, but the gains so painfully won are being reversed. Al Qaeda is back and is fighting for its own proto state in western Iraq and eastern Syria, which is far closer to Europe and the US than the caves of Afghanistan.

In the case of the Vikings in Greenland, the climate got colder in the late 1300s, and especially in the 1400s. But a cold climate isn't necessarily fatal, because the Inuit the Eskimos inhabiting Greenland at the same time did better, rather than worse, with cold climates. So why didn't the Greenland Norse as well?

Individuals seeking refuge from a toxic and deadly environment could be welcomed not into camps, but rather proto cities where the global community, represented by international institutions, NGOs, governments, and citizens, can encourage hope of a different, more secure life by nurturing positive seeds of knowledge, capital, and liberal self government.

Meanwhile, the Chinese Communist Party has no intention of ceding economic nationalism to an Internet based proto opposition. After all, rapid economic growth lies at the heart of the CCP s raison d état, so it embraces economic nationalism, whether in disputes with Japan, the Southeast Asian countries, or the United States.

Why did they all end up dead? Well, in my five point framework, the first item on the framework is to look for human impacts on the environment people inadvertently destroying the resource base on which they depend. And in the case of the Viking Norse, the Vikings inadvertently caused soil erosion and deforestation, which was a particular problem for them because they required forests to make charcoal, to make iron.

The third thing on my checklist is relations with neighboring friendly societies that may prop up a society. And if that friendly support is pulled away, that may make a society more likely to collapse. In the case of the Greenland Norse, they had trade with the mother country Norway and that trade dwindled partly because Norway got weaker, partly because of sea ice between Greenland and Norway.

But this did nothing to end the violence emanating from Gaza, which has effectively seceded from the Palestinian Authority and become a Hamas controlled proto state. Israel s Operation Cast Lead in the winter of 2008 2009 re established deterrence and brought a period of relative calm but it has been clear since the start of 2012 that the parties were once again on a collision course.

While knowledge of the plan was initially confined largely to Kenyan government officials, it was not long before its contours began to be revealed. Kenya has installed a client regime in Kismayo, and has supported the new government in its quest to make Jubaland a semi autonomous region, along the lines of Puntland, Somaliland, and the many other self declared proto states that have emerged as Somalia has unraveled.