Lack of dietary iodine causes growth stimulation in the thyroid, and some studies suggest that iodine deficiency increases the risk of radiation induced thyroid cancer.

For women, diseases of the thyroid gland have to be added to this list.

This will be the first project of its kind to assess the genetic resources in the nodule province.

Such materials and patient data are essential for good molecular cancer epidemiology, especially for radiation induced thyroid cancers.

(b) Organizing a nation wide screening programme for early detection and treatment of congenital thyroid malfunctions in newborns

The incidence of cancer of the thyroid gland among children and of breast cancer among women had risen.

According to the 624 samples recovered from the sea floor, the average nodule coverage is 7.8 kg m2 in area W and 13.5 kg m2 in area E, and the nodule resources of the total area amount to 1,830 million tons, with nickel, copper and cobalt altogether comprising 46.6 million tons.

A review of all the information available on the Chernobyl accident, particularly the reported high incidence of thyroid cancers in those exposed as children

The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC), together with the national Red Cross Societies of Belarus, Ukraine and the Russian Federation, continue to run the Chernobyl humanitarian assistance and rehabilitation programme with the aim of identifying thyroid cancer and other thyroid pathologies in remote areas with poor health care, and providing referrals for further treatment.

In addition, ionizing radiation can damage crops, the food chain, cattle, the marine ecosystem and in the last resort man, through the amount of iodine 131 which penetrates the body, mainly through cow apos s milk, and is concentrated in the thyroid gland, destroying tissue there and, after a period of latency, leading to cancer of the thyroid.

During the meeting, the Secretary General stressed the importance of this project as a means of facilitating better knowledge of polymetallic nodule resources in the CCZ.

During the first half of 2005, the Secretariat has continued with its efforts to develop a geological model of the polymetallic nodule deposits of the CCZ.

During most visits he had complaints concerning his general health, including a bad back, gastric ulcer, kidney infection and thyroid problems, causing, inter alia, sleeping problems.

It is necessary to continue research on thyroid cancer prevention, especially among those who were not over 18 years of age at the time of the accident.

The workshop also recommended a work programme leading to the establishment of a reliable geological model of polymetallic nodule deposits in the CCZ within three or four years.

The guide will also provide data and information on all known nodule deposits in the CCZ with a focus on the high resolution characterization of specific deposit sites.

The Chernobyl tissue bank, established in 2000, is an international project to collect thyroid tissues from cancer patients who, as children or adolescents, were exposed to Chernobyl fallout.

He had seen a variety of internal and external medical specialists, and had had an MRI spinal examination, physiotherapy for his back and an X ray thyroid gland examination.

With the exception of available manganese iron ratio data, the contractors did not agree to authorize the Authority to make use of nodule abundance and metal content data from their contract areas.

However, the accident has caused elevated levels of thyroid cancer among people who were children at the time of the accident, with some 4,000 Chernobyl related cases diagnosed and treated since 1986.

This phase of the Kaplan Project addresses its second objective, which is to investigate and study disturbance and recolonization processes at the sea floor following mining track creation and plume resedimentation in the abyssal nodule provinces.

(e) Establishment of a geological model of polymetallic nodule deposits in the Clarion Clipperton fracture zone of the equatorial north Pacific Ocean proceedings of the workshop of the International Seabed Authority, 13 to 20 May 2003, Nadi, Fiji.

Practically the entire population of Belarus was exposed to radioactive iodine for several months after the disaster. As a result, the incidence of thyroid cancer, especially among irradiated children and adolescents, rose to levels unprecedented in world history.

The application is based on prospection data collected from 1976 to 1978 by the German consortium Arbeitsgemeinschaft meerestechnisch gewinnbarer Rohstoffe (AMR) within the scope of the polymetallic nodule investigations under the auspices of the Ocean Management Inc. (OMI) consortium.

The conference participants had recognized that the health conditions of the affected population were worsening progressively and that the dramatic increase in cases of thyroid cancer in children and teenagers was caused by the radioactive fallout from the disaster.

Taking into account the results of the Fiji workshop, the group of technical experts identified the approach that it would use to create the model, and specified which proxy data would be tested for use in predicting nodule grade and abundance.

At its meeting during the tenth session, the Legal and Technical Commission considered and evaluated the third set of annual reports submitted by contractors pursuant to the Regulations on Prospecting and Exploration for Polymetallic Nodules in the Area ( the Polymetallic Nodule Regulations ).

The Commission reviewed the draft regulations, which were based on the existing Polymetallic Nodule Regulations and the model clauses developed by the secretariat in 2001,20 together with the elements that had emerged from the discussions in the Commission during 2002 and 2003.

The Commission completed its deliberations on the draft regulations on the general understanding that, as far as practicable, the new regulations should follow the framework of the Polymetallic Nodule Regulations and be in conformity with the provisions of the Convention and the 1994 Agreement.

Two decades of natural decay and remediation measures mean that most territories originally deemed contaminated no longer merit that label. Aside from thyroid cancer, which has been successfully treated in 98.5 of cases, scientists have not been able to document any connection between radiation and any physical condition.

According to forecasts, however, in addition to the growing incidence of thyroid cancer among persons exposed to radioactive iodine, an increase in the number of cases of other forms of malignant neoplasm and cardiovascular and other non oncological types of disease may be expected in the years immediately ahead.

It was agreed that the primary outputs from the project will be a geological model of polymetallic nodule deposits in the CCZ and a prospector's guide containing a narrative description of the key factors relevant to exploration for polymetallic nodules in the CCZ, including data and available information on known deposits.

In the same report, the Secretary General also reported on progress with respect to international collaboration on, inter alia, the determination of levels of biodiversity, species range and gene flow, and disturbance and recolonization processes on the sea floor following mining track creation and plume resedimentation in the abyssal nodule provinces.

Aside from a rise in the incidence of thyroid cancer (which proved in almost all cases to be curable), the Forum found no profound negative health impacts on the exposed population as a whole and also no widespread contamination that would continue to pose a substantial threat to human health.

Following the Secretary General's report to the tenth session of the Assembly on the work of the Authority, a number of positive developments have taken place with regard to the project to establish a geological model and prospectors guide of polymetallic nodule deposits in the Clarion Clipperton fracture zone (CCZ) in the Pacific Ocean.

As currently envisioned, the geological model of the polymetallic nodule deposits in the CCZ will consist of a set of digital and hard copy maps and tables describing predicted ore grade and abundance and associated error estimates as well as complete documentation that describes testing procedures for the model and all algorithms used in producing the final model results.

14. Because of the questions that have arisen concerning both the local and regional exposures from the Chernobyl accident in 1986 and the reported high incidence of thyroid cancer in those exposed as children, the Committee has decided that it should produce a review of all the information available some 12 to 14 years after the accident.

Part of the procedure for model development is that when a specific data set (which may include one or more candidate proxy variables) and associated mathematical algorithms are proposed for inclusion as a proxy for abundance and or grade, it will be calibrated with one subset of the available nodule grade and abundance data and then tested with another subset.

Turner syndrome, a chromosomal abnormality in which all or part of one of the sex chromosomes is absent, manifests itself in several ways. These include characteristic physical abnormalities (most often non functioning ovaries, which results in the absence of menstrual cycles and sterility) and various other health problems, such as congenital heart disease, low thyroid hormone levels, and autoimmune diseases.

13. The World Health Organization is preparing the implementation of a follow up programme to the International Programme on the Health Effects of the Chernobyl Accident, which will include a thyroid project, an accident recovery workers project, a study on dose reconstruction, and research on socio psychological effects. Subsequent to the United Nations needs assessment mission, a regional project has also been conceived.

30. The Authority has also initiated work on a number of other substantive matters within its area of competence. The focus of the substantive work is on data and information that can be analysed so as to estimate the magnitude of the potentially recoverable polymetallic nodule resources as well as to obtain an understanding of the probable environmental impacts of deep seabed mining (ISBA 3 A 4).

Autopsy studies from people who died in car accidents have shown that about 40 percent of women between the ages of 40 and 50 actually have microscopic cancers in their breasts, about 50 percent of men in their 50s and 60s have microscopic prostate cancers, and virtually 100 percent of us, by the time we reach our 70s, will have microscopic cancers growing in our thyroid.

On behalf of the German Federal Government, the German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR) is submitting an application for the exploration of polymetallic nodules in two distinct areas in the Pacific nodule belt (see figure) area W ( 13 N 137 W 34,080 km2 4,850 m average water depth) and area E ( 12 118 W 115,896 km2 4,200 m average water depth), covering a total area of 149,976 km2.

Efforts in health care focus on documenting the health impact of radiation detecting and treating the thyroid cancer that has resulted from exposure to radioactive iodine in the first days after the accident and improving the provision of health care in Chernobyl affected regions and propagating healthy lifestyles an approach that aims not only to teach people how to reduce radiation exposure but to counter more potent health threats, such as tobacco and alcohol abuse and poor diet.