Otherwise, liberalization and growth were likely to be interrupted and restrained by the cost of increased risk and volatility.

Speaking of risk, we have seen that price volatility of food crops in Africa is the highest in the world.

(e) Price volatility

Today's global peacekeeping environment is marked by risk and volatility, where concurrent and competing priorities are routinely faced in the planning and management of peace operations.

Banks and investors consider them to be high risk due to their limited assets, low level or lack of collateral, lack of business history and market volatility.

At the enterprise level, managers need to learn how to evaluate and manage risk how to account for risk in their business plans, how to reduce cash flow volatility by forward contracting and price risk management, and how to reduce marketing risks by, among other things, better logistics.

Where Did Market Volatility Go?

The volatility of commodity prices poses a serious risk for the sustainability of growth, and better international coordination is required to reduce the instability of commodity prices and exchange rates.

However, since the dynamics of domestic currency bond markets are linked to external bond markets, they are not immune to external volatility, and recent experience calls into question the effectiveness of local capital markets as a buffer against external volatility, particularly for a country considered as a high credit risk.

Management of volatility and its effects on development

Conscious of the volatility of the currency exchange markets and the significant risk that unanticipated exchange rate changes have on operations, management will continue to assess and manage the risks posed by volatile currency fluctuations.

Conscious of the volatility of the currency exchange markets and the significant risk that unanticipated exchange rate changes have on operations, management will continue to assess and manage the risks posed by volatile currency fluctuations.

Security problems and disruptions in production also increased price volatility.

A combination of volatility and nuclear weapons can be lethal.

Indeed, a major disadvantage of voluntary pledges lies in their volatility.

A return to full proportionality would probably mean a return to rapid government turnover, which carries with it the risk that policy horizons will also become shorter. As Italians know all too well, government instability inevitably breeds financial volatility.

The other road is a lot less attractive. With insufficient endogenous healing and no economic escape velocity, the effectiveness of central banks policies wanes and political dysfunction increases, leading to financial losses, volatility spikes, and huge risk management challenges.

However, the volatility of exchange rates at times had destabilized trade flows.

Concern remained, however, about the degree of exposure to potential financial volatility.

The final element of the world s collective bet is rooted in the belief that excessive market risk taking has been tamed. But a protracted period of policy induced volatility repression has convinced investors that, with central banks on their side, they are safe a belief that has led to considerable risk positioning in some segments of finance.

They should also mitigate the impact of the excessive volatility of financial markets.

The aim should be to avoid volatility and to ensure stability and fairness.

One reason for this failure is that pillar 1 of the Basel II Agreement, which outlines how banks around the world should assess credit risks and determine the size of capital buffers, makes no explicit allowance for long swing fluctuations in asset markets. Instead, it relies on value at risk (VaR) measures that link risk to standard notions of short term market volatility.

In fact, the competent international financial institutions had responded appropriately to recent market volatility.

This, however, was greatly undermined by commodity price volatility, tariff peaks and tariff escalations.

Global financial flows and their impact on developing countries addressing the matter of volatility

The Fed should regard lower commodity prices, reduced inflationary pressures, changes in the labor market, and further disruptive technological shifts as sufficiently convincing arguments to postpone a rate hike. Including the risk of excessive volatility in the global financial system tips the balance even further.

11. In the context of its discussions on volatility and vulnerability, the Economic and Social Council agreed that the increased integration of the world economy has the potential for increased volatility, particularly in international financial markets .

(iv) Initiate measures that mitigate the impact of excessive volatility of short term capital flows.

The increasing magnitude of private flows to developing countries has been accompanied by increased volatility.

So long as the ECB does not acknowledge the doubts now hovering around Europe s economies, there is a risk of a crash. The ECB is convinced that benign neglect is the right exchange rate policy, and that the G7 is the right place to address currency volatility.

Stock market volatility was also very low during the early 1990 s, before reaching new peaks later in the decade. Moreover, financial innovation and globalization allow markets to spread risk more effectively than ever before, placing it in the hands of those who can best manage it.

(a) The promotion of a broader vision of macroeconomic stability to fuel growth and reduce volatility

ECLAC has continued to carry out analytical and technical cooperation work regarding factors that promote growth and reduce volatility, i.e., the pronounced volatility of the business cycles of its member countries which has undermined their economies' ability to achieve sustained growth.

But, over time, the longer central banks create liquidity to suppress short run volatility, the more they will feed price bubbles in equity, bond, and other asset markets. As more investors pile into overvalued, increasingly illiquid assets such as bonds the risk of a long term crash increases.

So, what policies must emerging Asian economies pursue to reduce their vulnerability to regional and global volatility?

Effective measures were needed to reverse that trend and address the high volatility of external financial flows.

If the situation was not remedied, freer agricultural trade could magnify the volatility of world food prices.

The problem is that the inherent volatility of financial flows may make the daily changes excessively large.

Risk?

Risk?

The chief will be responsible for risk control of the Fund's investments as a whole in terms of portfolio risk, operational risk and compliance risk, and will plan and perform the oversight of performance measurement, investment risk analysis and operational risk analysis, including risk arising from sub adviser and service provider relationships.

Producing countries have also tried to contain price volatility by forming international cartels. But these have seldom worked.

But the credibility needed to anchor expectations is difficult sometimes even impossible to achieve when two targets are being pursued simultaneously. The resulting uncertainty could trigger more volatility, especially in bond markets, potentially impeding economic recovery (for example, by pushing up long term mortgage rates) or augmenting future inflation risk.

Lost in all of the hype was the fact that neither markets nor financial analysts were terribly perturbed about excessive exchange rate volatility or the possibility of an actual currency war. After the autumn of 2008, exchange rate volatility slowly receded toward pre crisis levels.