On commodity finance, UNCTAD gave several training courses in Egypt and Tunisia during 2004.

So, why has it not been tried before? When one asks finance ministers in commodity exporting debtor countries, they frequently reply that they fear insufficient demand for commodity bonds.

Yet, services represent an important avenue for developing countries to diversify from commodity dependence and to generate development finance.

Cheap external finance, plentiful capital inflows, and commodity booms helped hide many such shortcomings and fueled 15 years of emerging market growth.

The creation of such an exchange will greatly improve conditions for commodity marketing and finance in Africa, including for national and intra African trade.

Since many African countries depend on import and export taxes, fiscal earnings as well as their ability to finance social expenditures are highly vulnerable to changes in the value of commodity export earnings.

13. Invites international financial organizations, other donors and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development to revisit the operational modalities of international commodity, as well as to consider finance and risk management facilities and programmes

Development should be placed at the core of the Doha negotiations, including in SDT, commodity issues, technical assistance, capacity building and technology transfer, the special situation of LDCs and small economies, and trade, debt and finance.

Latin America s Commodity Windfall

Commodity prices are like this.

Why Are Commodity Prices Falling?

For decades, developing countries dreamed of a nirvana of sky high commodity prices and rock bottom international interest rates. But perhaps finance ministers in Lima, Bogota, Pretoria, or Jakarta should have been more careful about what they wished for.

Further, studies suggest that owing to concentration in the structure of international commodity markets, commodity producers are less likely to benefit from increases in international commodity prices at the wholesale and retail levels.

33. We emphasize the need to address the impact of weak and volatile commodity prices and support the efforts of commodity dependent countries to restructure, diversify and strengthen the competitiveness of their commodity sectors.

How can measures to increase commodity price stability and returns from commodity exports contribute to achieving the Millennium Development Goals?

United Nations commodity and other conferences.

I've looked to see what is the relationship between higher commodity prices of exports, and the growth of commodity exporting countries.

The Silver Lining in High Commodity Prices

Informal briefing on reproductive health commodity security

2. Expresses the urgent need for supportive international policies and measures to improve the functioning of commodity markets through efficient and transparent price formation mechanisms, including commodity exchanges, and through the use of commodity price risk management instruments

Recognizing that commodity prices are an important element for heavily indebted poor countries that are commodity dependent in maintaining long term debt sustainability,

(v) systematically link debt repayment and debt servicing by commodity dependent developing countries to adverse movements in prices of commodity exports and imports

Support the efforts of commodity dependent African countries to restructure, diversify and strengthen the competitiveness of their commodity sectors and decide to work towards market based arrangements with the participation of the private sector for commodity price risk management

13. Recognizes that developed countries account for two thirds of world non fuel commodity imports, and expresses the urgent need for supportive international policies and measures to improve the functioning of the commodity markets through efficient and transparent price formation mechanisms, including commodity exchanges, and through the use of viable and effective commodity price risk management instruments

(f) To support the efforts of commodity dependent African countries to restructure, diversify and strengthen the competitiveness of their commodity sectors and decide to work towards market based arrangements with the participation of the private sector for commodity price risk management

3. Recognizes that developed countries account for two thirds of non fuel commodity imports, and expresses the urgent need for supportive international policies and measures to improve the functioning of the commodity markets through efficient and transparent mechanisms, including commodity exchanges

2. Expresses the urgent need for supportive international policies and measures to improve the functioning of commodity markets through efficient and transparent price formation mechanisms, including commodity exchanges, and through the use of viable and effective commodity price risk management instruments

Commit to support the efforts of commodity dependent African countries to restructure, diversify and strengthen the competitiveness of their commodity sectors and decide to work towards market based arrangements with the participation of the private sector for commodity price risk management

China's Dalian Commodity Exchange, three years ago, 2004, overtook the Chicago Board of Trade to become the second largest commodity exchange in the world.

That is, our housing has become a commodity.

It's a difficult and expensive commodity, until now.

Annual industrial commodity production statistics are disseminated through the Industrial Commodity Statistics Yearbook with a time lag of about two years, while the monthly commodity production statistics are disseminated though the Monthly Bulletin of Statistics with a time lag of a quarter.

Commit ourselves to supporting the efforts of commodity dependent African countries to restructure, diversify and strengthen the competitiveness of their commodity sectors and decide to work towards market based arrangements with the participation of the private sector for commodity price risk management

4. Urges the developed countries to continue to support the commodity diversification and liberalization efforts of commodity dependent developing countries, especially in Africa and the least developed countries, as well as commodity dependent small island developing States, in a spirit of common purpose and efficiency, inter alia, by providing technical and financial assistance for the preparatory phase of their commodity diversification programmes

Shenzhen recently held a special training on finance and tax for the Internet finance industry, with finance and tax experts offering suggestions to the city's Internet finance enterprises.

For most low and middle income countries, the incipient economic recovery appears to be fragile and uneven. Indeed, many of these countries remain vulnerable to volatile commodity prices, financial system weaknesses, depressed demand from world markets, and shortfalls in external finance, overseas development assistance, and investment.

Finance

Finance

(e) Timely and effective financial cooperation to facilitate the management by commodity dependent countries of excessive fluctuations in commodity export earnings should be maintained and further pursued

(4) assessing enterprise finance, monitoring the operation status of enterprise finance

Vice Ministry of Public Investment and External Finance (Ministry of Finance)

5 World Bank, Global Development Finance Mobilizing Finance and Managing Vulnerability.

7 World Bank, Global Development Finance Mobilizing Finance and Managing Vulnerability.

3. Reiterates the importance of maximizing the contribution of the commodity sector to sustained economic growth and sustainable development, while continuing diversification efforts in commodity dependent developing countries

Recognizing also that structural changes in international commodity markets, particularly the increasing concentration in trade and distribution, constitute new challenges for commodity producers and exporters in developing countries,